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128 Cards in this Set
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Domestic violence |
Any violance occurring between family members |
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Intimate partner violance (spousal violence) |
Any violance occurring between intimate partners who are living together or separated |
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Types of partner violance |
Physical abuse (hitting, punching, stabing, burning) Sexual abuse Financial abuse (restricting access to funds, stealing, refusing to allow victim to work) Emotional abuse (verbal attacks, threats of hurting family or pets, isolation, unwarranted accusations of infedelity) -seem as damaging a Physical |
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Conflict tactics scale (CTS) |
Measure domestic assault
Individuals are asked how often the engage in behaviors and how often they experienced these acts
Includes scales of -negotiation scale (suggesting compromise)
-psychological scale (swearing or threats)
-physical assault scale (slapping or hittkng)
-sxual coercion scale (forcing sex)
-injury scale (needing to see a doctor) |
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Criticisms of the Conflict tactics scale (CTS) |
The way it is introduced to respondents -intro provides respondents with info on what to focus on -into focuses on how couples settle disputes but some acts of violence are not precipitated by an arguments so the responded my not report these Does not include all potential violent acts but can't be too long or won't be used by clinicians Does not take into account the different contexts or consequences of the same act for men and women Does not assess motive of violence and therefore offensive violence is treated as equal to a defensive response |
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Theories of intimate violence |
Theory of patriarchy
Social learning theory / oberbational learning Nested ecological model |
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Theory of patriarchy |
Believe that the patriarchal society contributes to domestic assault of women by men
The seeds of wife beating lie in the subordination of femals and in the subjection to male authority and control
Patriarchy influences the development of individual expectations about he appropriate level of authority within intimate relationships
Social patriarchy (male domination at the social level)
Familial patriarchy (male domination within the family) |
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Patriarchy |
Broad set of cultural beliefs and values that support the male dominance of women |
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Social learning theory |
Three main components 1) origins of aggression -observational learning
2) instigators of aggression -behaviors are mainifest only if an appropriate event acts as a stimulus for behaviors
3) regulators of aggression -behavior is regulated by consequences
If consequences outweigh the rewards and alternatives are provided the likelihood of violence should diminish |
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Observational learning |
Learning behaviors by watching others performs these behaviors
Three major sources include -family origin -the subculture of people's lives -televised violence
Male batterers are more likely to have witnessed parental violence |
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Instigators |
Are the events in the enviroment that act as a stimulus for acquired behaviors |
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Regulators |
The consequences of behaviors
2 kinds
-external punishment (arrested)
-self punishment (felling remores or guilt) |
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Nested ecological model |
Focuses on the relationship among the multiple levels that influence intimate violence including 1) macrosystem -level considers the broad sets of societal and cultural beliefs and attitudes 2) exosystem -level considers the social structures that connect the individuals to wider society (social supports) 3) Microsystem -level focuses on the immediate environmental where abuse happens (coupled pattern of communication) 4) Ontogenic -level focuses on the psycholgcial and biological features of the individual (abuse hstory) Recognizes the importance of various levels of explanation and interactions that happen amoung levels |
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Three phase cycle of abuse |
Frist -tension building phase before the assault with increasing conflict and stress between partners Second -an acting out phase where the batterer engages in intimate partner violance Third - a honeymoon phase where batterer apologizes and promises not to engage in future violence Cycle repeats itself with th honeymoon phase disappearing |
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Women stay because learned helplessness |
Dogs who can not avoid the electric shock gave up Applied learned helplessness theory to abused women to explain thir passivity to repeated abuse and their lack of effort to leave |
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Primary reasons for leaving |
Was related to experiencing an increase in the severity of the violence (feared for their lives) Having children witness the violence Reporting the abuse to the police |
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Most common reasons for returning |
For the sake of the children To give the relationship another chance The partner promised to change Lack of money or place to go
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If you left your mate or returned to your mate after separating what factors affected your decision |
Mate promised to change Lack of money Mate needed me Nowhere to go or stay Threates of mate to find and kill me Children wanted to go back Shelter was full |
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Kim and gray variables that were associated with a women's decision to stay of leave |
How much women were financially dependent on the ppertrator Level of fear Self esteem Locus of control |
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Family violence and animal maltreatment |
Batterers often threaten or harm their partners pets and that one reason women delay leaving is out of concern for animals welfare |
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Three types of batterers -based on severity of violence, generality of violence, and personality disorder characteristics |
Family only batterer Dysphoric/ borderline batterer Generally violent/ antisocial batterer |
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Family only batterer |
A male spousal batter who is typically not violent outside the home, does not show much psychopathology, and does not possess negative attitudes supportive of violence -Engages in the least amount of violence -not violent outside home and no other criminal beahvioura -does not show psychopathology -no negative attitudes supported of violence and has moderate impulsive control -no disturbance in attachment to partner -most common (50%) |
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Dysphoric/ borderline batterer |
Who exhibits one violence outside the family, is depressed, has borderline personality traits and problems with jealousy -engages in moderate to server violence -exhibits some extra familial violence and criminal behavior -displays the most depression and borderline personality trials and has problems with jealousy -moderate problems with impulsivity and drug use -has an preoccupied attachment style -25% of batterers |
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Generally violent/ antisocial batterer |
Violent outside the home, engages in other crimes, has drug and alcohol problems, impulse control problems and possesses violence supportive beliefs -engages in moderate to server violence -engages the most in outside violence and criminal behavior -has antisocial and narcissistic personality features -Drug and alcohol problems -high levels of impulse control problems -dismissive attachment style -25% of batterers |
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Mandatory charging policies |
Polices that give police the authority to lay charges against as suspect where there is reasonable and probable grounds to believe a domestic assault has happened Before women had to bring charges against their parents |
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Two most common forms of intervention |
Feminist psychoeducational group therapy (Duluth model) Cognitive behavioral group therapy |
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Feminist psychoeducational group therapy (Duluth model) |
The primary cause of domenrtjc violence is patriarchal ideology Group therapy in this model focuses on challenging the man's perceived right to control his partner Atmosphere in treatment often has blaming, punitive orientation which has a high drop out rate Criticism -focuses on violence done by men to women -violence Is viewed as one sided not an interaction between people -no therapeutic bond due to shaming -limited focus on changing males attitudes about power and control |
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Cognitive behavioral group therapy |
Subscribes to the beliefs that violence is learned behavior and that use of violence is reinforcing for the offender because thy obtain victim compliance and reduces feeling of tension Focuses on the costs of engaging in violence Alternatives to violence such as anger management and communication skills training are taught |
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Strongest predictors of treatment completion |
Employment Age Referral source |
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Stalking |
Occurs when an abuse relationship ends Is a form of violence known as criminal harassment The person being stacked must fear for their own safety of safety of someone else they know for police to charge someone |
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Criminal harassment |
Crime that involves repeatedly following, communicating with, watching, or threatening a person directly or indirectly |
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4 classifications of stalkers |
Ex intimate stalker Love obsessional stalker Delusional stalker Grudge stalker |
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Ex intimate stalker |
Stalker who engages in stalking after an intimate relationship breaks up Most common Individual who is disgruntled or estranged and unable to let go of their partner Has a history of domestic violence |
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Love obsessional stalker |
Stalker who had intense emotional feelings for the victim but who has never had an intimate relationship with the victim Is rare Acquaintance or Co worker Does not have symptoms of depression or psychosis |
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Delusional stalker |
Suffers from delusions and wrongly believes that have a relationship with victim Rare Targets a celebrity, media figure or politician Diagnosed with delusional disorders, schizophrenia or bipolar disorder |
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Grudge stalker |
Stalker who knows and is angry at the victim for some perceived injustice Rare Knows victim but has not had an intimate relationship Angry individual seeking revenge |
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Why are sexual offences not reported |
Adults -matter is not important enough -believe matter has already been dealt with -feel matter is too personal -don't want to involve the police Children -fearful about what will happen to them and parents -don't think they will be believed -believe they are to blame for abuse -not aware it is unacceptable |
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Sexual assault |
Defined ad anyn nonconsensual sexual act by either a female or male person to either a male or female person regardless of the relationship between people involved Divided into three levels based on severity Simple sexual assault (max sentence 10) Sexual assilyy with a weapon or causing bodily harm (max sentence 14) Aggravated sexual assault (max sentence of life imprisonment) |
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Consequences of sexual assault |
Has serious psychological and physical consequences
Adult victims have high levels of stress, and fear that disrupts social, sexual, and occupational functioning while generating high levels of anxiety and depression
Proposed rape trauma syndrome to describe after effects of rape Psychological consequences also includes post traumatic stree disorder |
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Rape trauma syndrome |
A group of symptoms or behaviors that are frequent after effects of having been raped Effects are divided into 2 phases 1) acute crisis phase -lasts a fee days to several weeks and symptoms are quite severe -heightened levels of distrust and self doubt 2) long term reactions phase -lasts anywhere from a few months to years -development of phobias such as fear of being alone or fear of leaving the house -development of sexual problems and depression -make dramatic life changes |
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Post tutmantic stress disorder |
Develop in response to exposure to an actual or threatened death, serious injury or sexual violence |
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4 PTSD symptom clusters |
Recurrent involuntary and intrusive distressing memories Persistent avoidance of stimuli Negative alterations in cogntions and moods Marked alterations in arousal and reactivity |
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Sexual offenders types |
Voyeurs (no contact sexual offenders)
Exhibitionists (no contact sexual offenders)
Rapists
Pedophile
Child molester - intra familial child molesters -extra familial child molesters |
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Voyeur |
Someone who obtains sexual gratification by observing unsuspecting people, usally strangers, who are naked, in tye process of undressing or engaging in sexual activity |
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Exhibitionist |
Someone who obtains sexual gratification by exposing their genitals to stages |
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Rapists |
Person who secually addaults victims over 16 years of age |
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Pedophile |
Person whose primary sexual orientation is toward children |
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Child molesters |
Some who has actually sexually molested a child |
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Intra familial child molesters |
Someone how sexually abused their own biological children or children whom they assume a parental role Known as incest offenders |
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Extra familial child molesters |
Someone who sexually abused children not related to them |
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Revised rapist typology consists of 5 primary subtypes of rapists based on motivational differnece |
Opportunistic type -commits sexual assaults that is generally impulsive, void of sexjal fantasies, controlled by situational and contextual factors, void of gratuitous violence -engage in other criminal behaviors Pervasively angery type -high level of anger towards men and women -are impulsive, use unnecessary force, cause serious injury, and void of sexual fantasies Sexual type -primarily motivated by sexual preoccupation and sexual fantasies Sadistic type -different from sexual types as there must be a sadistic element to offence Vindictive type -anger us focused solely on women -not impulsive or preoccupied by sexual fantasies -goal is to demean and degreafe the victim |
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Groth three main types of rapists |
Anger Power Sadistic |
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Anger rapist |
Who use more force than necessary to obtain compliance and who engages in a variety of sexual acts to degrade the victim High levels of agrer towards women Not being motivated primarily by sexjal gratification 50%. |
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Power rapist |
Who seeks to establish dominance and control over the victim Variation in the amount of force depending on victim submission Not primarily motivated by sexjal gratification Frequent rape fantasies 40% |
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Sadidtic rapist |
Who obtains sexual gratification by hurting thr victim High levels of victim injury including torture and sometimes death Frequent violent sexjal fantasies 5% |
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Groths typology got child molesters |
Fixated Regressed |
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Fixated child molesters |
Who has a long standing exclusive sexual preference for children Little to no sexual contact with adults Sexual interest in children begins in adolescence and is persistent Male children are primary targets Precipitating stress is not evident Offenses are planned Emotionally immature, poor social kills and usally single No history of alcohol or drug abuse Feel no remores or distress over behavior |
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Regressed child molesters |
Primary sexual orientation is towards adults but whose sexual interest revert to children after a stressful event or feelings of inadequacy Sexual interest in children begins in adulthood and is episodic Female children are primary targets More impulsive Often married and have marital problems Related to alcohol use Report felling remore |
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Reasons the rate of sexaul abuse by females is underestimated |
Women arr able to mask their sexually abusive behaviors through caregivjng activities so more difficult to recognize Women sexual offenders are more likely to target their own children who are less likely to disclose the abuse Boys are more frequent targets than girls and boys are less likely to disclose abuse |
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4 kinda of female secxual offenders |
Teacher/ lover -initiate sexjal abuse of male adolescent who thry relate to as a peer -offender is in a position of power -offenders are not aware their behavior is inappropriate -describe themselves as in love -victims report voluntarily being involved
Male coerced -offenders are coerced of forced into sexjal abuse by an abusive male -offenders are unassertive, dependent on men and passive partners in abuse -victims own daughter
Male accompanied -offenders engage in sexjal abuse with a male partner -they are more willing participants -victims both inside and outside family
Predisposed -initiates the sexjal abuse alone -has often experienced severe and persistent childhood sexual abuse and hs been a victim of intimate violence |
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Theories of sexual aggression |
Finkelhors precondition model
Marshall intergrated model
Pathway model Evolutionary theory |
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Finkelhors precondition model |
Proposes 4 preconditions that must be met for sexual abuse to occur
-offender must be motivated to sexjally abuse
-offenders lack of internal inhibitions (alcohol and impulse control problems weaken the offenders ability to restrain behaviors)
-offender must overcome external inhibitors (create opportunities to be alone with children)
-overcome the children resistance (Reweding the child with attention ot bribes or threates of harm) |
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Motivation to secjally abuse is due to three factors |
Emotional congruence which is the offenders desire for thr child to satisfy an emotional need
Sexual attraction to the child
Blockage of emotional outlets for he offender to meet his secual and emotional needs |
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Marshall integrated model |
Includes biological factors, childhood experiences, sociocultural influences and situational events |
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Pathway model |
Intergrates Finkelhors precondition model, Marshall intergrated model and Halls quadripartite model
Proposes that there are different causal pathways each having its own set of dysfunctional mechanism including inappropriate emotions, deviant sexual arousal, cogntive distortions, and intimacy deficits |
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Evolutionary theory to sexual offending |
Focus on how behavior is the product of out ancestral history and how features that are related to reproductive sucess become more frequent Rape as a consequence of a mating strategy that was selected for because it resulted in a reproductive advantage for males |
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Treating sexual offenders |
Treatment programs are designed to address denial, minimization and congtive distortions, victim empathy, modification of deviant sexhal interest, enhance social skills, substance abuse problems , and development of relapse prevention plan Some treatment programs won't accept deniers because they cannt fully participate in treatment |
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Cogntive distortions |
Deviant cognitions, values or beliefs that are used to justify or minimize deviant behaviors |
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Empathy |
Ability to perceive others perspectives and recognize and respond in compassionate way to others Empathy training focuses on getting offender to understand the impact of the abuse
Cognitive distortions can cause empathy problems Because they minimize the amount of harm, they do not think tye victim has suffered |
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Social skills |
Offenders lack a variety of social skills including self confidence in interpersonal relations, capacity for intimacy and dealing with anger |
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Substance abuse |
Substance abuse problems are common jn nonsexual offenders and offenders Use alcohol to facilitate offendering by reducing inhibitions If they have substance abuse problems they are often referred to substance abuse programs |
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Deviant sexual interests |
Motivate soxual offenders Penile phallomety -a measurement device placed around the penis to measure changes in sexjal arousal -used to asses deviant sexual interests Aversion therapy -pairing of an aversive stimuli with a deviant fantasy for the purpose of reducing the attractiveness of it |
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Relapse prevention |
A method of treatment designed to prevent the occurrence of an undesired behavior Designed to teach sexual offenders to recognize risky situations thar could lead o offending and learn coping strategies 2 main parts 1( offenders are asked to list emotional and situational risk factors that lead them to either fantasizing about sexual abuse it committing abuse 2) offenders need to develop plans to deal more appropriately with their problems and ways to avoid or cope with high risk situations |
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Chapter 11 psychopaths |
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Psychopathy |
A personality disorder defined by a collection of interpersonal, affective and behavior characteristics including manipulation, lack of remorse or empathy, impulsivity and antisocial behaviors |
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Assement of psychopathy through Hare psychopathy checklist revised |
Is a 20 item rating scale that uses a semi structured interview and review of file information to assess interpersonal, affective, and beahvioural features of psychopathy Most popular method of assessing psychopathy in adults |
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Assessing psychopathy via self report questionnaires |
Advantages -able to measure attitudes and emotions that are not easily observed -easy to adminjster, easy tk score and inexpensive -do not need to worry about interater reliability since only the individual is completing the score -include measures to detect faking good or faking bad Challenges -psychopaths often lie -psychopaths may not have sufficient insight to accurately assess their traits -difficult for psychopaths to report on specific emotions if they have no experienced them |
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Two common self report scales |
Psychopathic personality inventory revised -self report measure of psychopathy Self report psychopthy scale -self report measure of psychopathy |
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Antisocial personality disorder |
A personality disorder characterized by a history of behavior in which the rights of others are violated Symptoms include -failure to conform to social normal -deceitfulness -inpulsivity or failure to plan ahead -irritability and aggressiveness -reckless disregard for safety of self and others -lack of remore |
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Sociopathy |
Label used to describe a person whose psychopathic traits are assumed to be due to environmental factors Such as poor parenting |
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Psychopaths, sociopaths and antisocial personality disorder |
Sociopaths develop traits as a result of poor parenting or environmental factors while psychopaths are genetically predisposed to temperament that makes them difficult to socialize
Psychopaths and APD share some features
Nearly all psychopathic offenders meet the criteria for APD but most offenders with a APD are no psychopaths
APD symptoms are related to the behavioral features of psychopathy but not the interpersonal or affective features |
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Adversarial allegiance |
Tendency for forensic experts to br biased toward the side the hired them (defence or prosecution) PCL-R scores provided by prosecution experts are higher compared to those provided by defence experts |
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Psychopathy and violence |
Empathy, close emotional bonds, and internal inhibitions ( that inhibit aggression and violence) are lacking in psychopaths
Is associated with criminal behavior I'm general and violence
Make up a small amount of population but their involvement in serious repetitive crime and violence is out of proportion to their numbers
Psychopaths start their criminal career at younger age and persist longer, engage in more violent offences, commit a greater variety of offences, more violence in institutions, more violent after release |
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Psychopaths violence differs from other types |
More like to be predatory in nature
Motivated by readily identifiable goals
Carried out in callous, calculated manner without the emotional context that usally characterizes the violence of other offenders
More likely to target strangers and motivated by revenge or material gain
Given early release from prison more often than nonpsychopaths and during follow up psychopaths were less successful |
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Psychopathy and sexual violance |
It is not as strongly associated with sexual offences Offenders with many psychopathic traits who also show deviant sexual arousal are much more likely to engage in sexual reoffrnding than other offender Engage in more violent offenses bu fewer sexual offences |
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Sexual homicide |
Homicides that have a sexual component Offenders who commit sexual homicides have the highest psychopathic scores, followed by mixed sexual offenders, rapists ans child molesters (lowest psychopathy scores) |
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Sexjal sadism |
People who are sexually aroused by fantasies, urges or acts of inflicting pain, suffering or humiliation on another person Level of Sadistic violence is related to psychopathy (PCL- R) Total scores and with interpersonal and affective features of psychopathy |
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Can psychopaths be treatment |
Unlike most other offenders, they suffer little personal distress, see little wrong with their attitudes and behavior, and seek treatment only when it is in their best interests to do so
Treatment was associated with a reduction on violent recidivism among nonpsychopaths and an increase in violent recidivism among Psychopaths
Psychopaths seen as untreatable but instead treatments used to treat Psychopaths so far have not worked |
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Psychopathy in youth |
Psychopathy does not suddenly appear in adulthood but instead gradually develops from various environmental and biological antecedents Adolescents with psychopathic traits become involved in criminal behaviors at an earlier age, engage in more violence in institutions and in the community, and are at a higher risk of reoffending once released compared to other adolescents |
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Antisocial process screening device |
Observer reading scale to asses psychopathic traits in children
Child is assigned a rating on various questions by parents or teachers
Assessment instrument adapted from PCL-R |
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Hare psychopathy checklist: youth version |
Scale designed to measure psychopathic traits in adolescents
Between 12 and 18 |
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Applying the construct of psychopathy to children |
Using the label of psychopath which is associated with negative connotations for the public and for mental health and criminal justice professionals |
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Psychopathy in children vs adults |
Children may be more responsive to interventions Youth given intensive treatment at juvenile treatment center vs treatment at correctional center Those released from correctional center violently reoffendered at twice the rate compared to youth in intensive treatment at treatment center That with Appropriate intensive treatment, youth with psychopathic traits are amenable to treatment |
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Does family matter |
The best predictors of adult psychopathy were having a criminal father or mother, being a son whose father as uninvolved with him, having a low family income, coming from a disrupted family and experiencing physical neglect Children who had been abused have slightly higher PCL -R scores No single variable or combination of family background variables responsible for development of psychopathy There are mutiple developmental pathways to develop psychopathy |
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Psychopathic suspects are likely yo engaged in the following types of behaviors during interrogation (Challenge for law enforcement to develop effective methods for interrogating psychopathic suspects) |
Try to outwit the interrogator Enjoy being the focus of attention (holding a press conference) Attempt to control the interrogation Will not be fooled by bluffs Attempt to shock (speak in a matter of fact manner) |
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Suggestions for interviewing psychopathic suspects |
Ensure case familiarity -interrogators should br familiar with evnece to counteract psychopaths deceitfulness Convey experjence and confidence -to control the interview and atmosphere of authority Show liking or admiration -psychopaths respond to interrogators want to learn from them Avoid criticism -psychopaths become hostile and stop interview Avoid conveying emotions -emotions about the offence or lack of progress in the case |
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Response modulation deficit |
Theory suggests that psychopaths fail to use contextual cues that are peripheral to a dominant response set to modulate their behavior If psychopaths are engaging in specific rewarded behaviour, they will not pay attention to other information that might inhibit their behavior |
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Emotional deficits |
Theory proposes that psychopaths have a deficit in the experience of certain critical emotions that guide prosocial behavior and inhibit deviance Deep rooted emotional deficit that involves the disconnection between cognitive linguistic processing and emotional experience |
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Amygdala dysfunction theory |
Amygdala is small almond shaped structure located in medial temporal lobe Is part of the limbic centre which regulates the expression of emotion and emotional memory
Others state that the emotional deficits seen in psychopaths can be explained by an attention deflect and are not due to a amygdala mediated deficit |
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Chapter 15 homicidal offenders |
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Canadian criminal law recognizes 4 different types of homicide |
Frist degree -max of life in prison -all murder that is planned and deliberate -murder of law enforcement -murder during the commission of another violent offence Second degree -max of life in prison -all murder that is not frist degree is second degree Manslaughter -max of life in prison -unintential murder that happens in heat of passion or negligence Infanticide -max of 5 years -kilking of a baby |
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Bimodal classification of homicide |
Characterizes homicidal aggression Proposed for the study of homicides in humans Classified as -reactive (affective) aggression -instrumental (predatory) aggression |
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Reactive (affective) aggression |
Aggression that is impulsive, unplanned, immediate, driven by negative emotions and occurring in response to some perceived provocation Reactive homicide occurs more often amoung relatives |
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Instrumental (predatory) aggression |
Aggression that is premeditated, calculated and motivated by some goal (to obtain money) Instrumental homicide more common among strangers |
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Types of homicide |
Filicide |
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Filicide |
The killing of children by their biological parents or stepparents Includes -neonatucide (killing a baby withing 24 hours of birth) -infanticide (killing baby wothkng frist year of life) Majoroty of Family related homicides were comittjned by parent Infants at higher risk to be killed by parents than older children |
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Three types of maternal filicides (mothers) |
Neonaticides (kill babies in 24 hours of birt) -young -unmarried -no prior history of mental illness -not suicidal -concealed pregnancies
Committed by battering mothers -killed impulsively in response to behavior of child -highest rates of social and family stress -martial stress and financial problems
Committed by mothers with mental illnesses -older -married -killed older children -mutiple victims -diagnosed with psychosis or depression -most likely to attempt suicide Altruistic filicide (kill out of love) -murder in response to mothers delusional beliefs -children's death is to protect them |
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Three types of mental illness have been identified during postpartum |
Postpartum blues -includes crying irritability and anxiety -starts a few days of childbirth and lasts a few hours to days -rarely past 12 days -85% of women Postpartum depression -frist few weeks or months free birth usually lasts for several months -depressed mood, loss of appetite, concentration and sleep problems, suicidal thoughts -7 to 19% Postpartum psychosis -most severe and rare -delusions, hallucinations, and suicidal or homicidal thoughts -within the firth 3 months after childbirth |
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Familicide |
The killing of a spouse and children Is always committed by a man Accompanied by a history of spousal and child abuse prior to offence 2 kinds -despondent non hostile killer (depressed and worried about an impending disaster, kills family then commits suicide) -hostile accusatory killer (expresses hostility towards his wife often related to alleged infidelities, past history of violent acts) |
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Difference between youth and adult killers |
Youth who commit homicides often have at least ne accomplice Like adults youth re often acquainted with their victims either intimately or as criminal associations |
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Youth charged with parricide |
Killing parents We're more likely to have been physically abused, to have witnessed spousal abuse, and to report amnesia for the murders compared to other youth who committed murder |
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Typology of juvenile homicide offenders |
Psychotic -youth who ad symptoms of severe mental illness at the time of murder Conflict -who engaged in an argument with the victim when the killing happened Crime -youth who killed during the commission of another crime such as robbery |
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Femicide |
The killing of women |
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Androcide |
The killing of men |
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Uxoricide |
Specific term for killing of a wife by their husband Characterized by a use of excessive force, overkill High incidence of perpetrator suicide following murder Husbands often use close contact method when killing their partners (stabbing ) Men must often kill Wives due to anger or jealousy |
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Mariticide |
Killing of a husband by his wife Wives rarely commit suicide after killing husband Despite the lower rate, when a man Is killed by a woman the perpetrator is often the man's wife Wives kill their husband's out of fear for themselves or their children |
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Mutiple murderers are categorized into 3 types |
Serial murderers
Mass murderers
Spree murderers |
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Serial murderers |
When they kill 3 or more victims in 3 or more seperate events at 3 or more seperate locations with cooling off period between murders
No apparent connection to initial murder |
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Mass murderers |
Kill 4 or more victims in one event at one location
No cooling off period
Classic mass murder an individual goes to a public place and kills strangers at location
Family mass murder involves killing 4 or more family members usally by another family member |
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Spree murderers |
Kill two or more victims in one continous event at two ore more locations with no cooling off period |
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Characteristics of serial murderers |
Male
Operate on their own
Caucasian
Victims are usally females who are not related to murderers
Age and sex of victim can vary
When they are female they are more likely to have no prior criminal record, have am accomplice, use poison, kill for money, kill a family member or someone they know |
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Typologies if serial murderers 4 types of serial murderers |
Visionary -kills in response to voices or visions telling them to kill -diagnosed as delusional
Mission oriented -targets individuals from a group that they consider to be undesirable - homeless people
Hedonistic -motivated by self gratification
Power/ control oriented -motivated not by sexual gratification but by wanting to have absolute dominance over victims |
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Hedonistic serial murders are subdived into |
Lust -motivated by sexual gratification -become stimulated and excited by the process of killing
Thrill -mostivated by the excitement associated with the act of killing
Comfot -motivated by material or financial gain |
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Characteristics of mass murderers |
Depressed, Angry, Frustrated individuals who believe they have not succeeded in life
-murder can be triggered by what the percieve as a serious loss or social injustice
Socially isolated and lack interpersonal skills
Plan their crimes and obtained semi automatic guns in order to maximize the number of deaths
Display warning signs
Often plan to commit suicide or get killed by police |
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Theories of homicidal aggression |
Social learning theory
Evolutionary theory
General aggression model |
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Social learning theory of homicidal aggression |
Aggressive behavior is learned the same way non aggressive behavior is through a process of reinforcement Engaging in aggressive behavior is thought to increase as a function of hoe rewarding aggressive behavior has Been in an individuals past Major sources include -family circle -peer group -mass media |
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Evolutionary theory of homicidal aggression |
Focus on how crime can be thought of as an adaptive behavior, developed as a means for people to survive in their ancestral environment Homicide emerged as one approach to best competitors who where competing for limited resources and modern humans have simply inherited this strategy |
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General aggression modal of homicidal aggression |
General theory of human aggression in that ot interagrates a number of domain specific theories to explain the emergence of all types of aggression Components 1) inputs -categorized into person factors (traits) and situation factors (incentives) -inputs influence behavior by the internal states that they create in the individual -imput variables influence cognitions, emotions, and arousal and these three routes are also thought to influence each other -These internal states in turn influence behavioral outcomes through a variety of appraisal and decision processes -These outcomes influence the social encounter which has an impact on the impish in the next social encounter |
