Chapter 10: Nervous System Vocabulary

Front 1

acetylcholine

Back 1

Neurotransmitter chemical released at the ends (synapses) of nerve cells

Front 2

afferent nerves

Back 2

carry messages toward the brain and spinal cord (sensory nerves)

Front 3

arachnoid membrane

Back 3

Middle layer of the brain (meninges) that surround the brain and spinal cord

Front 4

astrocyte

Back 4

A type of glial (neurologic) cell that transports water and salts from capillaries

Front 5

autonomic nervous system

Back 5

Nerves that control involuntary body functions of muscles, glands, and internal organs

Front 6

axon

Back 6

Microscopic fiber that carries the nervous impulse along a nerve cell

Front 7

blood-brain barrier

Back 7

Blood vessels (capillaries) that selectively let certain sunstances enter the brain tissue and keep other sunstances out

Front 8

brainstem

Back 8

Lower portion of the brain that connects the cerebrum with the spinal cord. The pons and medulla oblongata are part of the brainstem

Front 9

cauda equina

Back 9

Collection of spinal nerves below the end of the spinal cord

Front 10

cell body

Back 10

Part of a nerve cell that contains the necleus

Front 11

central nervous system (CNS)

Back 11

Brain and spinal cord

Front 12

cerebellum

Back 12

Posterior part of the brain that coordinates muscle movement and maintain balance

Front 13

cerebral cortex

Back 13

Outer region of the cerebrum; containing sheets of nerve cells; gray matter of the brain

Front 14

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

Back 14

Fluid that circulates throughout the brain and spinal cord

Front 15

cerebrum

Back 15

Largest part of the brain; responsible for voluntary muscular activity, vision, speech, taste, hearing, thought, and memory

Front 16

cranial nerves

Back 16

Twelve pairs of nerves that carry messages to and from the brain

Front 17

dendrite

Back 17

Microscopic branching fiber of a nerve cell that is the first part to receive the nervous impulse

Front 18

dura mater

Back 18

Thick, outermost layer of the meninges surrounding and protecting the brain and spinal cord

Front 19

efferent nerves

Back 19

Carry messages away from the brain and spinal cord; motor nerves

Front 20

ependymal cell

Back 20

A glial cell that lines membranes with the brain and spinal cord and helps forn cerebrospinal fluid

Front 21

ganglion
(plural: ganglia)

Back 21

Collection of nerve cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system

Front 22

glial cell
(neuroglial cell)

Back 22

Cell in the nervous system that is supportive and connective in function. Examples are astrocytes, microglial cells, ependymal cells, and oligodendrocytes

Front 23

gyrus
(plural: gyri)

Back 23

Sheet of nerve cells that produces a rounded fold on the surface of the cerebellum; convolution

Front 24

hypothalamus

Back 24

Portion of the brain beneath the thalamus; controls sleep, appetite, body temperature, and secretions from the pituitary gland.

Front 25

medulla oblongata

Back 25

Part of the brain just above the spinal cord; controls breathing, heartbeat, and the size of blood vessels; nerve fibers cross over here

Front 26

meninges

Back 26

Three protective membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord

Front 27

microglial cell

Back 27

Phogocyte glial cell that removes waste products from the central nervous systems

Front 28

motor nerves

Back 28

Carry messages away from the brain and spinal cord to muscles and organs; efferent (ef [a form of ex-] = away) nerves

Front 29

myelin sheath

Back 29

White fatty tissue that surrounds, and insulates the axon of a nerve cell. Myelin speeds impulse conduction alon axons

Front 30

What must the defendant in a duty of loyalty case show?

Back 30

1) disclosed the conflict to disinterested members of the BoD and or SH AND
2) Txn must meet the standard of fairness - same kind of deal that would have been negotiated in an arm's length txn by disinterested parties.

Front 31

neuron

Back 31

Nerve cell that carries impulses throughout the body

Front 32

neurotransmitter

Back 32

Chemical messenger, released at the end of a nerve cell. It stimulates or inhibits another cell, which can be a nerve cell, muscle cell, or gland cell. Examples of transmitters are acetylcholine, norepinephrine, dopamine, and seratonin.

Front 33

oligodendroglial cell

Back 33

Glial cell that forms the myelin sheath covering axons. Also called oligodendrocyte

Front 34

parasympathetic nerves

Back 34

Involuntary, autonomic nerves that regulate normal body functions such as heart rate, breathing, and muscle of the gastrointestinal tract

Front 35

parenchyma

Back 35

Essential, distinguished tissue of the nervous system; includes the brain and spinal cord. This is to distinguish it from surrounding tissues such as meninges

Front 36

peripheral nervous system

Back 36

Nerves outside the brain and spinal cord; cranial, spinal, and autonomic nerves

Front 37

pia mater

Back 37

Thin, delicate inner membrane of the meninges

Front 38

plesus
(plural: plexuses)

Back 38

Large, interlacing network of nerves. Examples are lumbarsacral, cervical, and brachial (brachi/o means arms) plexuses.

Front 39

pons

Back 39

Part of the brain anterior to the cerebellum and between the medulla and the rest of the midbrain. It is the bridge connecting various parts of the brain

Front 40

receptor

Back 40

Organ that receives a nervous stimulation and passes it on to nerves with the body. The skin, ears, eyes, and taste buds are receptors

Front 41

sciatic nerve

Back 41

Nerve extending from the base of the spine down the thigh, lower leg, and foot. Sciatica is pain or inflammation along the course of the nerve

Front 42

sensory nerves

Back 42

Carry messages to the brain and spinal cord from a receptor; afferent (af [a form of ad-] = toward) nerves

Front 43

spinal nerves

Back 43

Thiry-one pairs of nerves arising from the spinal cord. Each spinal nerve affects a particular area of the skin

Front 44

stimulus
(plural: stimuli)

Back 44

Agent of change (light, sound, touch) in the internal or external enciroment that evokes a response

Front 45

stroma

Back 45

Connective and supporting tissue of an organ. Glial cells are the stromal tissue of the brain

Front 46

sulus
(plural: sulci)

Back 46

Depression or groove in the surface of the cerebral cortex; fissure

Front 47

sympathetic nerves

Back 47

Autonomic nerves that influence bodily fuctions involuntarily in times of stress

Front 48

synapse

Back 48

Space through which a nervous impulse is transmitted from one neuron to another or from a neuron to another cell, such as a muscle or gland cell

Front 49

thalamus

Back 49

Main relay center of the brain. It conducts impulses between the spinal cord and cerebrum; incoming sensory messages are relayed through the thalamus to appropriate centers of the cerebrum.

Front 50

vagus nerve

Back 50

Tenth cranial nerve; it branches reach to the larynx, bronchi, lungs, aorta, esophagus, and stomach.

Front 51

ventricles of the brain

Back 51

Canals in the brain that contain cerebrospinal fluid