Chapter 10 Airway Management

Front 1

Aerobic Metabolism

Back 1

Metabolism that can proceed only in the presence of oxygen

Front 2

Agonal gasps

Back 2

Occasional, gasping breaths that occur after the heart has stopped

Front 3

Airway

Back 3

The upper airway tract or the passage above the larynx, which includes the nose, mouth, and throat

Front 4

Alveolar minute volume

Back 4

Volume of air moved through the lungs in one minute minus the dead space; calculated by multiplying tidal volume and respiratory rate

Front 5

Alveolar Ventilation

Back 5

Volume of air that reaches the alveoli. Determined by subtracting the amount of dead space from tidal volume

Front 6

American Standard Safety System

Back 6

A safety system for large oxygen cylinders, designed to prevent the accidental attachment of a regulator to a cylinder containing the wrong type of gas

Front 7

Anaerobic Metabolism

Back 7

Metabolism that takes place in the absence of oxygen; principal product is lactic acid

Front 8

Apnea

Back 8

Absence of spontaneous breathing

Front 9

Aspiration

Back 9

In the context of airway, the introduction of vomitus or other foreign material into the lungs

Front 10

Ataxic respirations

Back 10

Irregular, ineffective respirations that may or may not have an identifiable pattern

Front 11

Automatic Transport Ventilator

(ATV)

Back 11

Ventilation device attached to a control box that allows the variables of ventilation to be set. It frees the EMT to perform other tasks while the patient is being ventilated

Front 12

Bag-Valve Mask (BVM)

Back 12

Device with one-way valve and a face mask attached to a ventilation bag; when attached to a reservoir and connected to oxygen, it delivers more than 90% supplemental oxygen

Front 13

Barrier device

Back 13

A protective item, such as a pocket mask with a valve, that limits exposure to a patients body fluids

Front 14

Bilateral

Back 14

A body part or condition that appears on both sides of the midline

Front 15

Bronchioles

Back 15

Subdivision of the smaller bronchi in the lungs; made of smooth muscle and dilate or constrict in response to various stimuli

Front 16

Capnography

Back 16

Noninvasive method to quickly and efficiently provide information on a patients ventilatory status, circulation, and metabolism. Effectively measures the concentration of carbon dioxide in expired air over time

Front 17

Carina

Back 17

Point at which the trachea divides into the left and right mainstem bronchi

Front 18

Chemoreceptors

Back 18

Monitor the levels of O2, CO2, and the pH of the cerebrospinal fluid and then provide feedback to the respiratory centers to modify the rate and depth of breathing based on the body's needs at any given time

Front 19

Compliance

Back 19

Ability of alveoli to expand when air is drawn in during inhalation

Front 20

Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP)

Back 20

Method of ventilation used primarily in the treatment of critically ill patients with respiratory distress; can prevent the need for endotracheal intubation

Front 21

Dead Space

Back 21

The portion of the tidal volume that does not reach the alveoli and thus does not participate in gas exchange

Front 22

Diffusion

Back 22

Process where molecules move from an area of higher concentrations to an area of lower concentration

Front 23

Dyspnea

Back 23

Shortness of breath

Front 24

End-tidal CO2

Back 24

Amount of carbon dioxide present at the end of an exhaled breath

Front 25

Exhalation

Back 25

Passive part of the breathing process in which the diaphragm and the intercostal muscles relax, forcing air out of the lungs

Front 26

External Respiration

Back 26

The exchange of gases between the lungs and the blood cells in the pulmonary capillaries; also called pulmonary respiration

Front 27

Gag reflix

Back 27

Normal reflec mechanism that causes retching; activated by touching the soft palate or the back of the throat

Front 28

Gastric Distension

Back 28

Condition in which air fills the stomach, often as a result of high volume and pressure during artificial ventilation

Front 29

Glottis

Back 29

Space between the vocal cords that is the narrowest portion of the adults airway; also called glottic opening

Front 30

Good air exchange

Back 30

Term used to distinguished the degree of distress in a patient with a mild airway obstruction. With good air exchange, the patient is still conscious and able to cough forcefully, although wheezing may be heard

Front 31

Head tilt chin left maneuver

Back 31

Combination of two movements to open the airway by tilting the forehead back and lifting the chin, not used on trauma patient

Front 32

Hypercarbia

Back 32

Increased carbon dioxide level in the bloodstream

Front 33

Hypoxia

Back 33

Dangerous condition which the body tissues and cells do not have enough oxygen

Front 34

Hypoxic drive

Back 34

Condition which chronically low levels of oxygen in the blood stimulate the respiratory drive, seen in patients with chronic lung diseases

Front 35

Inhalation

Back 35

Active, muscular part of breathing that draws in air to the airway and lungs

Front 36

Internal respiration

Back 36

Exchange of gases between blood cells and the tissues

Front 37

Intrapulmonary Shunting

Back 37

Bypassing of oxygen-poor blood past nonfunctional alveoli to the left side of the heart

Front 38

Jaw-thrust Maneuver

Back 38

Technique to open the airway by placing the fingers behind the angle of the jaw and bringing the jaw forward; used for patients who may have cervical spine injury

Front 39

Labored breathing

Back 39

Breathing that requires greater than normal effort; may be slower or faster than normal and usually requires the use of accessory muscles

Front 40

Larynx

Back 40

Complex structure formed by many independent cartilaginous structures that all work together; where the upper airway ends and the lower airway begins; also called the voice box

Front 41

Manually triggered ventilation device

Back 41

Fixed flow rate ventilation device that delivers a breath every time its button is pushed; also referred to as a flow-restricted, oxygen-powered ventilation device

Front 42

Mediastinum

Back 42

Space within the chest that contains the heart, major blood vessels, vagus nerve, trachea, major bronchi, and esophagus; located between the two lungs

Front 43

Metabolism (Cellular Respiration)

Back 43

Biochemical processes that result in production of energy from nutrients within the cells

Front 44

Mild airway obstruction

Back 44

Occurs when foreign object partially obstructs the patients airway, the patient is able to move adequate amounts of air, but also experiences some degree of respiratory distress

Front 45

Minute volume

Back 45

Volume of air moved through the lungs in 1 minute; calculated by multiplying tidal volume and respiratory rate; also referred to as minute ventilation

Front 46

Nasal cannula

Back 46

Oxygen delivery device in which oxygen flows through two small, tubelike prongs that fit into the patients nostrils; delivers 24% to 44% supplemental oxygen, depending on flow rate

Front 47

Nasopharyngeal Airway

Back 47

Airway adjunct inserted into the nostril of an unresponsive patient or a patient with an altered level of consciousness who is unable to maintain airway patency independently

Front 48

Nasopharynx

Back 48

Nasal cavity; formed by the union of facial bones and protects the respiratory tract from contaminants

Front 49

Nonrebreathing masks

Back 49

Combination mask and reservoir bag system that is the preferred way to give oxygen in the prehospital setting; delivers up to 90% inspired oxygen and prevents inhaling the exhaled gas

Front 50

Oropharyngeal airway

Back 50

Airway adjunct inserted into the mouth of an unresponsive patient to keep the tongue from blocking the upper airway and facilitate suctioning the airway if necessary

Front 51

Oropharynx

Back 51

Forms the posterior portion of the oral cavity, which is bordered superiority by the hard and soft palates, laterally by the cheeks,and inferiorly by the tongue

Front 52

Oxygenation

Back 52

process of delivering oxygen to the blood by diffusion from the alveoli following inhalation into the lungs

Front 53

Oxygen toxicity

Back 53

Condition of excessive oxygen consumption resulting in cellular and tissue damage

Front 54

Parietal Pleura

Back 54

Membrane that lines the chest cavity

Front 55

Partial Pressure

Back 55

Term used to describe the amount of gas in air or dissolved in fluid, such as blood

Front 56

Passive ventilation

Back 56

Act of air moving in and out of the lungs during chest compressions

Front 57

Patent

Back 57

Open, clear of obstruction

Front 58

Phrenic Nerve

Back 58

Nerve that innervates the diaphragm; necessary for adequaate breathing to occur

Front 59

Pin-indexing system

Back 59

System established for portable cylinders to ensure that a regulator is not connected to a cylinder containing the wrong type of gas

Front 60

Pneumothorax

Back 60

Partial or complete accumulation of air in the pleural space

Front 61

Poor air exchange

Back 61

Term used to describe the degree of distress in a patient with a mild airway obstruction. With poor air exchange, the patient often has a weak, ineffective cough, increased difficulty breathing, or possible cyanosis and may produce a high pitched noise during inhalation (stridor)

Front 62

Pulse oximetry

Back 62

an assessment tool that measures oxygen saturation of hemoglobin in the capillary beds

Front 63

Recovery Position

Back 63

Sit-lying position used to maintain a clear airway in unconscious patients without injuries who are breathing adequately

Front 64

Residual volume

Back 64

Air that remains in the lungs after maximal expiration

Front 65

Respiration

Back 65

Process of exchanging oxygen and carbon dioxide

Front 66

Retractions

Back 66

Movements in which the skin pulls in around the ribs during inspriation

Front 67

Severe airway Obstruction

Back 67

Occurs when a foreign body completely obstructs the patients airway. Patient cannot breathe, talk, or cough

Front 68

Stoma

Back 68

An opening through the skin and into an organ or other structure; a stoma in the neck connects the trachea directly to the skin

Front 69

Stridor

Back 69

High pitched noise heard primarily on inspriation

Front 70

Suction catheter

Back 70

Hollow, cylindrical device used to remove fluid from the patients airway

Front 71

Surfactant

Back 71

Liquid protein substance that coats the alveoli in the lungs, decreases the alveolar surface tension, and keeps the alveoli expanded; a low level in a premature infant contributes to respiratory distress syndrome

Front 72

Tension Pneumothorax

Back 72

Life-threatening collection of air within the pleural space; the volume and pressure have both collapsed the involved lung and caused a shift in the mediastinal structures to the opposite side

Front 73

Tidal Volume

Back 73

Amount of air that is moved in or out of lungs during one breath

Front 74

Tonsil Tips

Back 74

Large, semirigid suction tips recommended for suctioning the pharynx, also called Yankauer tips

Front 75

Tracheostomy

Back 75

Surgical opening into the trachea

Front 76

Ventilation

Back 76

Exchange of air between the lungs and the environment, spontaneously by the patient or with assistance from another person, such as an EMT

Front 77

Visceral Pleura

Back 77

Thin membrane that covers the lungs

Front 78

Vital capacity

Back 78

The amount of air that can be forcibly expelled from the lungs after breathing in as deeply as possible

Front 79

Vocal Cords

Back 79

Thin white bands of tough muscular tissue that are lateral borders of the glottis and serve as the primary center for speech production

Front 80

Wheezing

Back 80

Production of whistling sounds during expiration such as occurs in asthma and bronchiolitis