Chapter 06 Pharmacology Essentials Of Paramedic Care

Front 1

Chemicals used to diagnose, treat or prevent disease.

Back 1

Drug

Front 2

Study of drugs adn their reactions with the body.

Back 2

Pharmacology

Front 3

4 names of a drug:

Back 3

1. Chemical
2. Generic (manufacturer)
3. Official (FDA puts it in United States Pharmacopiea)
4. Brand (manufacturer)

Front 4

4 sources of drugs:

Back 4

1. Plants
2. Animals
3. Minerals
4. Laboratory (synthetic)

Front 5

6 soureces of drug info:

Back 5

1. United States Pharmacopeia (USP)
2. Physicians' Desk Reference
3. Drug Information
4. Monthly Prescribing Ref.
5. AMA Drug Evaluation
6. Internet

Front 6

The official standard for info about pharmaceuticals in the US is:

Back 6

United States Pharmacopeia

Front 7

The complilation of drug inserts that includes 3 indicies and photos of drgs is:

Back 7

Physicians Desk Reference

Front 8

The American Hosptial Formulary Service publishes ___ , which contains a listing of mongraphs on many drugs used in the US.

Back 8

Drug Information

Front 9

Designed to help physicians prescribe and determine which meds are available is known as:

Back 9

Monthly Prescribing Reference

Front 10

11 parts of a drug profile include:

Back 10

1. Name
2. Classification
3. Mechanism of Action
4. Indications
5. Pharmaokinetics
6. Side Effects/Adverse Reactions
7. Routes
8. Contraindications
9. Dosage
10. How Supplied
11. Special Considerations

Front 11

__ is the way a drug causes its effects.

Back 11

Mechanism of Action or Pharmadynamics

Front 12

Conditions that make administration of drug ok.

Back 12

Indications

Front 13

How the drug is absorbed, distributed and eliminated.

Back 13

Pharmacokinetics

Front 14

Conditions in which the drug should not be administered.

Back 14

Contraindications

Front 15

The federal initiative that named USP as country's official drug source:

Back 15

The Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906

Front 16

___ limited the indiscrimiate use of addicting drugs by regulatin the importation, manufacture, sale and use of opium and cocaine.

Back 16

The Harrison Narcotic Act of 1914

Front 17

___ empowered the FDA to enforce and set premarket saftey standards on drugs.

Back 17

The Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act of 1938

Front 18

___ created 5 schedules of controlled substances , each with its own level of control and record keeping.

Back 18

Controlled Substances Act of 1970

Front 19

Schedule I

Description

Examples

Back 19

High abuse, no accepted med indications, research only

Heroin, LSD, mescaline

Front 20

Schedule II

Description

Examples

Back 20

High abuse, accepted med indication,

Opium, cocaine, morphine, codeine, oxycodone, methadone, secobarbitual

Front 21

Schedule III

Description

Examples

Back 21

Less abuse, mod-low dependence, accepted med indications

Vicodin, Tylenol w/codeine

Front 22

Schedule IV

Description

Examples

Back 22

Low abuse, limited dependence, accepted med indications

Diazepam, lorazepam, phenobarbital

Front 23

Schedule V

Description

Examples

Back 23

Low abuse, may lead to dependence, accepted med indications

Opioids for caugh or diarrhea

Front 24

True or False: EMS do not have to have permission (standing orders) to give over the counter meds, such as aspirin?

Back 24

False

Front 25

Test that determines the amount and purity of a given chemical in a preparation in the lab.

Back 25

Assay

Front 26

Relative therapeutic effectiveness of chemically equivalent drugs.

Back 26

Bioequivalence

Front 27

Test to ascertain a drug's availability in a biological model.

Back 27

Bioassay

Front 28

6 Rights of Medication

Back 28

1. Right Person
2. Right Drug
3. Right Dose
4. Right Time
5. Right Route
6. Right Documentation

Front 29

True or False: Is there ever a time that a drug's benefit to a pregnant mother must outweigh the risk of harm to the fetus?

Back 29

True (cardiac arrest of mother)

Front 30

2 problems with pharmacology of a pregnant PT:

Back 30

1. Anatomy change in mother
2. Possible harm to fetus

Front 31

Medication that may deform or kill the fetus.

Back 31

Teratogenic Drug

Front 32

FDA Pregnancy Categories

Back 32

A - Studies in preg women w/no harm
B - Animal studies, but no women
C - Animal studies w/adverse affect
D - Fetal risk, but circumstance may out way risk
X - Fetal risk and risk outweighs benefit for mother

Front 33

Proportion of a drug available in the body to cause either desired or undesired effects.

Back 33

Free Drug Availabilty

Front 34

True or False: Newborns absorb oral medications less then adults?

Back 34

True

Front 35

True or False: Because children have thinner skin they absorb topical meds faster than adults?

Back 35

True

Front 36

True or False: Children have less plasma then adults so the meds that bond to proteins and are metabolized are not as plentiful leaving a higher Free Drug Availability?

Back 36

True

Front 37

___ is a useful tool for calculating drug dosages for a pediatric PT.

Back 37

Broselow Tape

Front 38

Dosing for peds patients is based on their ___ and ___.

Back 38

Size and age

Front 39

When dealing with the size of a ped patient __ and __ are the two most common factors in calculating dosages?

Back 39

Body surface area and weight

Front 40

True or False: With geriatric patients, a decrease in plasma protein, decrease gastrointestinal motility and aging process of the renal system lead to a slow elimination of meds?

Back 40

True

Front 41

How a drug interacts with the body to case its effect.

Back 41

Pharmacodynamics

Front 42

The 4 processes of Pharmacokinetics:

Back 42

1. Absorption
2. Distribution
3. Biotransformation
4. Elimination

Front 43

This type of transport requires the use of energy, such as ATP or ADP, to move a substance.

Back 43

Active Transport

Front 44

Process in which carrier proteins transport large molecules across the cell membrane.

Back 44

Carrier-mediation diffusion or
Facilitated diffusion

Front 45

Diffusion involves the movement of a __ in the solution from a higher to lower concentration.

Back 45

Solute

Front 46

Osmosis involves the movement of a __ (usually water) from a area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration.

Back 46

Solvent

Front 47

Movement of molecules across a membrane from an area of higher pressure to an area of lower pressure.

Back 47

Filtration

Front 48

4 ways to transport a cell:

Back 48

1. Carrier-mediated
2. Diffusion
3. Osmosis
4. Filtration

Front 49

3 types of Aborption:

Back 49

1. Orally
2. IM
3. Subcutaneous

Front 50

True or False: The rate of absorption is not directly related to the surface area absorbing the drug.

Back 50

False

Front 51

T or F: The greater the blood flow to an area the faster the absorption rate.

Back 51

True

Front 52

The amount of the drug still available after the drug reaches the tissue.

Back 52

Bioavailability

Front 53

___ is one of the chief proteins in the blood that is available for binding with drugs.

Back 53

Albumin

Front 54

Name given to the metabolism of drugs.

Back 54

Biotransformation

Front 55

Biotransformation has 2 effects on drugs:

Back 55

1. Turn more or less metabolite

2. Make more water soluble for elimination (less lipid soluble.)

Front 56

Medication not active when administered, but biotransformation converts it into active metabolites.

Back 56

Prodrug

Front 57

The liver's partial or complete inactivation of a drug before it reaches the systemic circulation.

Back 57

First-pass effect

(one reason some drugs must be given IV instead of orally)

Front 58

The loss of Hydrogen atoms or the addition of Oxygen atoms to increase the positive charge on a molecule. Used to metabolize drugs in the Liver.

Back 58

Oxidation

Front 59

The breakage of a chemical bond by adding water. Used to metabolize drugs in the Liver.

Back 59

Hydrolysis

Front 60

4 Ways to eliminate waste (Buffer.)

Back 60

1. Urine
2. Feces
3. Respiration
4. Bicarbonate

Front 61

Delivery of a medication through the gastrointestinal tract.

Back 61

Enteral Routes

Oral
Sublingual

Front 62

Delivery of medication outside of the gastrointestinal tract.

Back 62

Parenteral Routes

IV
IM
Sub Cu

Front 63

4 Pharmacodaymic ways a drug acts.

Back 63

1. Bind to a receptor (most common)
2. Change physical property of cell
3. Chemically combine with other chemicals
4. Alter normal metabolic pathway

Front 64

Specialized protein that combines with a drug.

Back 64

Receptor

Front 65

Force of attraction of a drug and receptor.

Back 65

Affinity

Front 66

Drug's ability to cause the expected response.

Back 66

Efficacy

Front 67

T or F: The affinity of a drug is directly related to the efficacy of a drug?

Back 67

False

Front 68

Chemical that is formed from the reaction of a drug and receptor that then is used to complete the efficacy of a drug.

Back 68

Second Messenger

Front 69

Binding of drug to receptor that causes a drop in number of receptors, resulting in a decrease in responsiveness of target receptors.

Back 69

Down-regulation

Front 70

Drug cause the formation of receptors.

Back 70

Up-regulation

Front 71

Drug that binds to receptor and causes the initiated response expected.

Back 71

Agonist

Front 72

Drug binds to receptor, but does not cause expected response.

Back 72

Antagonist

Front 73

Drug that binds and stimulates some effects, but blocks others.

Back 73

Agonist-antagonist (partial agonist)

Front 74

Drug causes a expected effect while also blocking another drug from triggering same receptor.

Back 74

Competitive Antagonism

Front 75

Drug causes deformity of the binding site that prevents an agonist from fitting and binding.

Back 75

Noncompetitive Antagonism

Front 76

Competitive antagonist permanently binds with a receptor site and forces body to create new receptors.

Back 76

Irreversible Antagonism

Front 77

Unintended response to a drug.

Back 77

Side Effect

Front 78

Correlation of amount of drug to clinical response.

Back 78

Drug-response relationship

Front 79

Most of the info needed to describe drug response comes from ____, which describes onset length, duration, termination of action, effective concentration and toxic levels.

Back 79

Plasma-level profile

Front 80

What is the Autonomic Nervous System?

Back 80

The part of the nervous system that controls involuntary (automatic) actions.

Front 81

Time from administration until med reaches minimum effective concentration.

Back 81

Onset of action

Front 82

What is autonomic ganglia?

Back 82

Groups of autonomic nerve cells located outside the central nervous system.

Front 83

Amount of time the drug remains above the min. concentration level

Back 83

Duration of action

Front 84

Time drug drops below min. effective level until eliminated from body.

Back 84

Termination of action

Front 85

Ratio of drug's lethal dose for 50% of pop. to its effective dose for 50% fo the pop.

Back 85

Therapeutic Incdex

Front 86

Time the body takes to clear 1/2 of the drug.

Back 86

Biologic half-life

500 cc after 10 min is 250
10 more min 125

Front 87

8 factors affecting drug-response relationship:

Back 87

1. Age
2. Body Mass
3. Sex
4. Environment (behavioral drugs)
5. Time of admin (after eating etc)
6. Pathological state (disease affect)
7. Genetics
8. Psychology (placebo effect)

Front 88

Drug that best demonstrates the class's common properties and illustrates its particular characteristics.

Back 88

Prototype

Front 89

Nerve Cell

Back 89

Neuron

Front 90

The nervous system is divided into 2 parts:

Back 90

Central and Peripheral

Front 91

The Peripheral NS is divided into 2 parts:

Back 91

Somatic and Autonomic

Front 92

Somatic NS controls ___ or motor functions.

Back 92

Voluntary

Front 93

Autonomic controls ___ or automatic functions.

Back 93

Involuntary

Front 94

The Autonomic NS is divided into 2:

Back 94

Sympathetic and Parasympathetic

Front 95

The two major groupings of meds affect the ___ and ___.

Back 95

CNS and Autonomic NS

Front 96

Meds that relieve pain sensation.

Back 96

Analgesic

Front 97

Absence of all sensation.

Back 97

Anesthesia

Front 98

Agent that enhances effects of other drugs.

Back 98

Adjunct Medication

Front 99

Opioid agonists simulate the production of ___ to decrease pain sensory.

Prototype

Back 99

Endorphins

Morphine

Front 100

2 examples of Nonopioid analgesics:

Back 100

1. Aspirin
2. Ibuprofen

Front 101

Prototype for Opioid antagonists to treat respiratory depression due to overdose.

Back 101

Naloxone (Narcan)

Front 102

4 common Adjunct Meds that are used in the field:

Back 102

1. Diazepam (Valium)
2. Lorazepam (Ativan)
3. Midazolam (Vesed)
4. Promethazine (Phenergan)

Front 103

Med that induces a loss of sensation to touch or pain.

Back 103

Anesthetic

Front 104

Anesthesia combined with amnesia while PT remains conscious.

Back 104

Neuroleptanesthesia

Front 105

3 systems depressed by anesthetics:

Back 105

1. Respiratory
2. CNS
3. Cardiac

Front 106

First anesthetic ever used:

Back 106

Ether

Front 107

What is an antiplatelet?

Back 107

Drug that decreases the formation of platelet plugs

Front 108

3 examples of anesthetics used in the field:

Back 108

1. Diazepam (Valium)
2. Midazolam (Versed)
3. Fentanyl (Sublimaze)

Front 109

State of decreased anxiety and inhibitions.

Back 109

Sedation

Front 110

Instigation of sleep.

Back 110

Hypnosis

Front 111

___ are a state of hyperactivity of a section of the brain (partial) or all of the brain (generalized.)

Back 111

Seizures

Front 112

___ partial seizures are also called temporal lobe seizures are associated with altered mental status.

Back 112

Complex

Front 113

Generalized seizures involve both sides of the brain and are also known as ___.

Back 113

Tonic-clonic

Front 114

Tonic stage presents as:

Back 114

Muscle rigidity

Front 115

Clonic stage presents as:

Back 115

Spasmodic twitching

Front 116

___ is life threatening characterized by uninterrupted tonic-clonic seizures lasting more than __ mins or 2 or more T-C w/o lucid period.

Back 116

Status Epilepticus

Front 117

Imbalance in the neurotranmitter ___ seems to be responsible for most mental diseases.

Back 117

Dopamine

Front 118

3 mjor diseases treated with psychotherapeutic meds.

Back 118

1. Schizophrenia
2. Depression
3. Bipolar Disorder

Front 119

3 Antiseizure meds in the field:

Back 119

1. Diazepam (Valium)
2. Lorazepam (Ativan)
3. Phenytoin (Dilantin)

Front 120

TCA is short for ___ an antidepressant.

Back 120

Tricyclic

Front 121

Bipolar disorder is also know as:

Back 121

Manic Depression

Front 122

What are preganglonic nerves?

Back 122

Nerve fibers that extend from the central nervous system to the autonomic ganglia.

Front 123

What are postganglionic nerves?

Back 123

Nerve fibers that extend from the autonomic ganglia to the target tissues.

Front 124

Explain what a neurotransmitter is?

Back 124

A chemical messenger that conducts a nervous impulse across a synapse.

Front 125

Synapse that use acetylcholine as the neurotransmitter are ------ synapses.

Back 125

Cholinergic

Front 126

What does adrenergic mean?

Back 126

Pertains to the neurotransmitter norepinephrine.

Front 127

Parasympathomimetic

Back 127

Drug or other substance that causes effects like those of the parasympathetic nervous system (also called cholinergic)

Front 128

Parasympatholytic

Back 128

Drug or other substance that blocks or inhibits the actions of the parasympathetic nervous system (also called anticholinergic)

Front 129

What does SLUDGE stand for?

Back 129

Salivation
Lacrimation
Urination
Defecation
Gastric Motility
Emesis

Front 130

What is the difference between reversible inhibitors and irreversible inhibitors?

Back 130

How long they remain bound to cholinesterase.

Front 131

Irreversible cholinesterase inhibitors have only one clinical function, what does it treat?

Back 131

Glaucoma

Front 132

What is the prototype anticholinergic drug?

Back 132

Atropine

Front 133

Atropine is classified as what kind of drug?

Back 133

Belladonna alkaloids

Front 134

What do neuromuscular blocking agents.

Back 134

Neuromuscular blockade produces a state of paralysis without affecting consciousness.

Front 135

The sympathetic nervous system releases norepinephrine and epinephrine from where?

Back 135

Norepinephrine- postganglionic end terminals
Epinephrine- adrenal medulla

Front 136

Beta-adrenergic antagonists are more commonly referred to as?

Back 136

Beta Blockers

Front 137

Drugs used to affect sympathetic nervous system.

Back 137

Drugs that stimulate sympathetic nervous system are sympathomimetics and ones that inhibit system are sympatholytics.

Front 138

In the list of cardiovascular drugs, What drugs fall under category of antidysrhythmics?

Back 138

Sodium Channel Blockers (Class I)
Beta Blockers (Class II)
Potassium Channel Blockers (Class III)
Calcium Channel Blockers (Class IV)

Front 139

Cardiovascular Drugs, What drugs are Hemostatic Agents?

Back 139

Antiplatelets
Anticoagulants
Fibrinolytics

Front 140

What drug was first used clinically in 1879?

Back 140

Nitroglycerin

Front 141

What is hemostasis?

Back 141

The stoppage of bleeding.

Front 142

What is a fibrinolytic?

Back 142

Drug that acts directly on thrombi to break them down; also called thrombolytic.

Front 143

Main Indications for Gastrointestinal therapy

Back 143

*Peptic ulcers
*Constipation
*Diarrhea and emesis
*Digestion

Front 144

Disease characterized by an imbalance in the gastrointestinal (GI) systems that increase acidity and protect against acidity

Back 144

Peptic ulcer disease (PUD)

Front 145

Most common cause of peptic ulcers, decreasing body's ability to produce protective GI mucous lining

Back 145

Heliobacter Pylori (bacteria)

Front 146

Treatments for the elimination of Heliobacter Pylori (cause of Peptic ulcer disease)

Back 146

*Bismuth (Pepto-Bismol)

Antibiotics:
*Metronidazole (Flagyl)
*Amoxicillin (Amoxil)
*Tetracycline (Achromycin)

Front 147

Four types of drugs that block/decrease gastric acid secretion

Back 147

*H2 receptor antagonist (H2RAs)
*Proton Pump inhibitors
*Antacids
*Anticholinergics

Front 148

When stimulated with histamine,they increase gastric acid secretion

Back 148

H2 Receptors

Front 149

Action and indications of H2 Receptor Antagonist (H2RAs) medications

Back 149

Block gastric acid secretions. Treatment for ulcers, reflux, heartburn, preventing aspiration pneumonia during anesthesia

Front 150

Four types (medications) of H2 Receptor Antagonist

Back 150

*Cimetidine (Tagament)
*Ranitidine (Zantac)
*Famotidine (Pepcid)
*Nizatidine (Axid Pulvules)

Front 151

Side Effects of H2 Receptors Antagonist medications specifically Cimetadine

Back 151

Cimetadine may lead to decreased libido, impotence, and CNS effects

Front 152

Class of medication that acts directly on K+H+ATPase (enzyme that secretes gastric acids) by blocking it

Back 152

Proton Pump Inhibitors

Front 153

Give 2 examples of Proton Pump inhibitors

Back 153

*Omeprazole (Prilosec)
*Lansoprazole (Prevacid)

Front 154

Side Effects of Proton Pump inhibitors

Back 154

*Diarrhea
*Headache

Front 155

Alkalotic compounds used to increase the gastric environment's PH

Back 155

Antacid

Front 156

Used to decrease gastric acid by blocking muscarinic agents ex. Pirenzepine (Gastrozepine)

Back 156

Anticholinergics

Front 157

Medication used to decrease stool's firmness and increase it's water content

Back 157

Laxative

Front 158

Name the four categories of Laxatives

Back 158

*Bulk-forming
*Stimulant
*Osmotic
*Surfactant

Front 159

Name two examples of bulk-forming laxative medications

Back 159

*Psyllium (Metamucil)
*Methylcellulose (Citrusel)

Front 160

How do bulk-forming laxatives work?

Back 160

*Increases fiber
*Increases stool water absorption
*Provides food for colon bacteria
*Forms softer stool

Front 161

Laxative that decreases surface tension and increases water absorption into feces

Back 161

Surfactant
Example: docusate sodium (Colace)

Front 162

Laxative that increase motility

Back 162

Stimulant
Example: Phenolphthalein (Ex-Lax, Correctol), Bisacodyl (Bisacolax)

Front 163

Laxatives that are poorly formed salts which increase fecal water content by drawing in water

Back 163

Osmotic Laxative

Example:Magnesium Hydroxide (Milk of Magnesia)

Front 164

Usually a symptom of a bacterial infection presenting with liquid stool

Back 164

Diarrhea

Front 165

The drug of choice when stimulating emesis is indicated

Back 165

Ipecac

Front 166

Medications used to prevent vomiting

Back 166

Antiemetics

Front 167

Transmitters involved in the vomiting reflex

Back 167

*Serotonin
*Dopamine
*Acetylcholine
*Histamine

Front 168

Blocks Serotonin receptors in the chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ), stomach, and small intestine

Back 168

Serotonin Antagonist

Front 169

Example of a Serotonin Antagonist medication

Back 169

*Ondansetron (Zofran)

Treatment for vomitting in chemotherapy
Side effect:headache, diarrhea

Front 170

What are the two categories of Dopamine Antagonist?

Back 170

*Phenothiazines includes (Compazine) & (Phenergan)
*Butyrophenones includes (Haldol) & (Inapsine)

Front 171

What are the extrapyramidal effects (side effects) of Dopamine Antagonists?

Back 171

*Sedation
*Dystonia (muscle contractions)
*Ataxia

Front 172

What medication blocks both serotonin and dopamine?

Back 172

Metoclopramide (Reglan)

Front 173

Two medications used to aid digestion of carbs and fats and act similar to digestive enzymes

Back 173

*Pancreatin (Entozyme)
*Pancrelipase (Viokase)

Side Effects: Vomiting, nausea, cramping

Front 174

Degenerative disease that affects the optic nerve

Back 174

Galucoma

Front 175

Glaucoma is aimed at reducing what?

Back 175

Intraocular pressure (IOP)

Front 176

Timolol and Betopic are example of what kind of medication used in the reduction of IOP in Glaucoma patients?

Back 176

Beta Blockers

Front 177

Isoto Carpine is an example of a cholinergic drug that treats Galucoma by doing what?

Back 177

*Causing miosis (pupil constriction)
*Ciliary muscle contraction
Both lower IOP

Front 178

Used in eye trauma or during surgical procedures to decrease pain and sensation?

Back 178

*Tetracaine (Pontocaine)
Local anesthetic of the ether class

Front 179

Drugs used to treat conditions involving the ear are aimed to do what three actions?

Back 179

*Eliminate bacteria
*Eliminate fungal infections
*Break up impacted ear wax

Front 180

Carbamide peroxyde and glycerin are used to treat what type of ear condition?

Back 180

Ear wax

Front 181

Chloromycetin Otic and Garamycin are common ______ used to treat infections of the ear.

Back 181

Antibiotics

Front 182

Define Ototoxic

Back 182

Harmful to organs or nerves that produce hearing and balance. Common Ototoxic symptom is tinnitus (ringing in ears)

Front 183

Name the glands that make up the Endocrine system

Back 183

*Pituitary (anterior and posterior)
*Pineal
*Thyroid
*Parathyroid
*Thymus
*Adrenal
*Pancreas
*Ovaries and Testes

Front 184

Anterior Pituitary like drugs are used to treat what kinds of conditions?

Back 184

*Abnormal growth:
Dwarfism
Acromegaly
Gigantism

Front 185

Hormone secreted by the posterior pituitary that promotes water retention

Back 185

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Front 186

Give examples of Antidiuretic analog medications used to treat diabetes insipidus and nocturnal enuresis (bed wetting)

Back 186

*Vasopressin (Pitressin)
*Desmopressin (Stimate)
*Lypressin (Diapid)

Front 187

At high doses, antidiuretic hormone cause what two main symptoms?

Back 187

*Vasoconstriction
*Increased BP

Front 188

Endocrine gland responsible for regulating calcium levels

Back 188

Parathyroid

Front 189

Disease characterized by low levels of calcium and vitamin D

Back 189

Hypoparathyroidism

(Hyperparathyroidism is high levels of calcium and VitaminD)

Front 190

Endocrine Gland that plays a vital role in regulating growth, maturation, and metabolism

Back 190

Thyroid gland

Front 191

Hypothyroidism in children or cretinism manifests itself by which two symptoms?

Back 191

*Dwarfism
*Mental retardation

Front 192

What are the symptoms for Hypothyroidism in adults?

Back 192

*Decreased metabolic rate
*Weight gain
*Fatigue
*Bradycardia

Front 193

Treatment for hypothyroidism

Back 193

Hormone replacement with levothyroxine (Synthroid)

Front 194

Typically a result of tumors, this condition causes a larger than normal release of thyroid hormone

Back 194

Hyperthyroidism

Front 195

Enlargements of the thyroid gland

Back 195

Goiters

Front 196

What are the three classes of hormones synthesized and secreted by the adrenal cortex?

Back 196

*Glucocorticoids
*Mineralocorticoids
*Androgens

Front 197

Cortisol is a _____that increases the production of glucose by enhancing carbohydrate metabolism,gluconeognesis, and reducing peripheral glucose use

Back 197

Glucocorticoid

Front 198

Aldosterone is a _____that regulates salt and water balance

Back 198

Mineralocorticoid

Front 199

Disease that is characterized by hypersecretion of adrenocoticotropic hormone leading to excessive glucocorticoid

Back 199

Cushing's disease

Front 200

Symptoms of Cushing's disease

Back 200

*Hyperglycemia
*Obesity
*Hypertension
*Electrolyte imbalance

Front 201

Disease characterized by hyposecretion of corticoid as a result of damage to the adrenal gland

Back 201

Addison's disease

Front 202

Symptoms of Addison's disease

Back 202

*Hypoglycemia
*Emaciation
*Hypotension
*Hyperkalemia
*Hyponatremia

Front 203

Treatments for Cushing's disease

Back 203

*Surgical
*Antihypertensive (Aldactone & Capoten)
*Antiadrenal (block synthesis of corticosteroids)

Front 204

Treatments for Addison's disease

Back 204

*Cortisone replacement (Cortistan)
*Hydrocortisone (SoluCortef)
*Mineralocorticoids (Florinef Acetate)

Front 205

Disease characterized by inappropriate carbohydrate metabolism

Back 205

Diabetes Mellitus

Front 206

Diabetes that is insulin dependent resulting from inadequate insulin release from the beta cells in the pancreas

Back 206

Type I

Front 207

Diabetes that results from decreased responsiveness to insulin and a lack of synchronization between insulin and blood glucose levels

Back 207

Type II

Front 208

Diabetes occurring in pregnancy

Back 208

Gestational Diabetes

Front 209

Substance that decreases blood glucose levels and increases cellular transport of glucose, potassium, and amino acids.

Back 209

Insulin

Front 210

Substance that increases blood glucose levels by glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis

Back 210

Glucagon

Front 211

Patients with Type I or Type II diabetes can experience both ____ and _____

Back 211

Hypoglycemia
Hyperglycemia

Front 212

Diabetic Ketoacidosis is treated by a continuous ____ infusion and by frequent blood glucose checks

Back 212

Insulin

Front 213

Name the three Insulin sources

Back 213

*Beef
*Pork
*Recombinant DNA/Human Insulin

Front 214

All insulin preparation are given through what route, except for regular insulin which is given intravenously

Back 214

Subcutaneously

Front 215

What is the difference between natural and modified insulin?

Back 215

*natural occurs in nature
*modified are created to increase their action and duration

Front 216

True or False
Beta Blockers increase the release of Glucagon

Back 216

False

They decrease Glucagon release

Front 217

True or False
Insulin increases potassium uptake by cells and is an effective treatment for hyperkalemia

Back 217

True

Front 218

Used to stimulate insulin secretion from the pancreas in patients with non-insulin dependent diabetes

Back 218

Oral Hypoglycemic Agents

Front 219

The four classes of oral hypoglycemic agents

Back 219

*Sulfonylureas
*Biguanides
*Alpha-glucosidase Inhibitors
*Thiazolidinedione

Front 220

______work by increasing insulin secretion and tissue response to insulin.

Back 220

Sulfonylureas

Example:Orinase, Glucotrol, Micronase

Front 221

_____work by decreasing glucose synthesis and increases glucose uptake

Back 221

Biguanide

Example:Glucophage
Side effects: Nausea, vomiting, decreased appetite

Front 222

_____work by decreasing carbohydrate metabolism, which moderates the increase of blood glucose after meals

Back 222

Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors

Example:Precise and Glyset
Side Effects: Flatulence, cramps, diarrhea, & distention

Front 223

____ works by promoting tissue response to insulin making the available insulin more effective

Back 223

Thiazolinediones

Examples: Rezulin
Side Effects: None major

Front 224

Two hyperglycemic agents that act to increase blood glucose levels

Back 224

Glucagon and Diazoxide (Proglycen)

Front 225

Solution given intravenously for acute hypoglycemia

Back 225

D50W

Side Effect: Local tissue necrosis if infiltration occurs

Front 226

The five main groups of drugs affecting the female reproductive system

Back 226

*Estrogens
*Progestins
*Oral Contraceptives
*Drugs affecting uterine contractions
*Infertility Drugs

Front 227

Estrogen replacement therapy is aimed at the treatment of what condition?

Back 227

Menopause

Front 228

Drugs that increase uterine contractions are considered to be what?

Back 228

Oxytocics

Examples: Pitocin & syntocinon

Front 229

Used to treat Amenorrhea, endometriosis, dysfunctional uterine bleeding

Back 229

Progestin

Front 230

Oral contraceptive's main mechanism of action is to prevent what?

Back 230

Ovulation

Front 231

Drugs that relax the uterus by stimulating beta 2 receptors are considered to be what?

Back 231

Tocolytics

Examples:Brethine & Yutopar

Front 232

Oral contraceptive side effects include

Back 232

*Unintended pregnancy
*Thromboembolism
*Hypertension
*Abnormal uterine bleeding

Front 233

Infertility drugs are aimed at promoting what?

Back 233

Maturation of an egg

Example:Clomid & Metrodin
Side Effects:Ovarian cyst, pain, menstrual irregularities

Front 234

Testosterone deficiency is caused by what three reasons?

Back 234

*Failure of testes to descend (Cryptorchidism)
*Testicular inflammation (Orchitis)
*Testicular removal (Orchidectomy)

Front 235

Benign prostatic hyperplasia
is what?

Back 235

Enlarged prostate

Symptoms:Urinary hesitancy and retention

Front 236

Treatment for enlarged prostate

Back 236

*Surgery
*Finasteride (Proscar), which interferes with prostate growth

Front 237

Examples of Drugs that reduce libido (sex drive) and erection/ ejaculation

Back 237

*hypertensive (beta-blockers,alpha antagonists, diuretics)
*Antianxiety/antipsychotic meds (benzodiazepines,MAOIs, tricyclic antidepressants)

Front 238

Medications that increase libido and erectile ability in men

Back 238

*Levodopa (L-dopa)
*Sildenafil (Viagra)
*Vardenafil (Levitra)
*Tadalafil (Cialis)

Front 239

Define Antineoplastic

Back 239

Drug used to treat cancer

Front 240

Define Antibiotic

Back 240

Agent that kills or decreases the growth of bacteria

Front 241

True or False
Cancer modifies a cell's DNA leading to cellular death

Back 241

False

Cancer modifies a cell's DNA leading to abnormal tissue growth

Front 242

True or False
During chemotherapy only cancer cells are destroyed

Back 242

False

Healthy cells are also destroyed but that action is minimized

Front 243

Agents aimed to kill cancer cells do so by what three actions?

Back 243

*Prevent cells from reproducing (Adrucil)
*Interfering with cell DNA splitting (Mustargen)
*Interfering with cell division (Velban &Oncovin)

Front 244

Drugs in the penicillin and cephalosporin classes, as well as vancomycin do what?

Back 244

They are bactericidal and act by inhibiting cell wall synthesis, rupturing the cell, and killing the bacteria

Front 245

The macrolide, aminogycoside, and tetracycline antibiotics do what?

Back 245

Stop protein synthesis, preventing the bacteria from replicating

Front 246

The azole antifungals like Nizoral inhibit what?

Back 246

Fungal growth

Front 247

Name three antiviral agents

Back 247

*Acyclovir (Zorivax)
*Zidovudine (Retrovir)
*Indinavir (Crixivan) treatment of HIV

Front 248

Malaria treatments are aimed at what two actions?

Back 248

*Preventing infestation
*Treating infection

Front 249

True or False
Schizonticides are drugs used to treat malaria

Back 249

True

Examples:Aralan, Mefloquine (Lariam), and Quinine

Front 250

True or False
Once you are exposed to Tuberculosis you automatically have an active disease

Back 250

False

It stays dormant until immune system is compromised

Front 251

Disease caused by parasitic worms

Back 251

Helminthiasis

Treatment:Mebendazole (Vermoz) &niclosamide (Nicloside)

Front 252

Disease also known as Hansen's disease, characterized by lesions

Back 252

Leprosy

Treatment:Dapsone (DDS) & clofazimine (Lamprene)

Front 253

This group of meds interferes with the inflammatory response, reducing pain,fever, and inflammation

Back 253

Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs or NSAIDs

Front 254

Name some examples of NSAIDS

Back 254

*Acetaminophen (Tylenol)
*Ibuprofen (Motrin)
*Naproxen (Naprosyn)
*Ketorolac (Toradol)
*Piroxicam (Feldene)

Front 255

Disease characterized by high uric acid, pain/swelling in joints

Back 255

Gout

Severe cases cause kidney stones, nephritis, and atherosclerosis

Front 256

Define Pathogen

Back 256

Disease causing organism

Front 257

Define immunity

Back 257

Body's ability to respond to a pathogen

Front 258

A solution containing whole antibodies for a specific pathogen

Back 258

Serum

Front 259

A solution containing a modified pathogen that does not actually cause disease but still stimulates the development of antibodies to it

Back 259

Vaccine

Front 260

The immune system consists of. . .

Back 260

*Spleen
*Lymph nodes
*Thymus
*Leukocytes
* Antibodies in Plasma

Front 261

True or False
Immunity may be acquired actively or passively

Back 261

True
Passively: Introduced by injection,placenta,breast milk
Actively:Response to the pathogen itself

Front 262

Immune response that directly attacks the pathogen cell

Back 262

Cell-mediated immunity by T lymphocytes

Front 263

The immune process where B cells create antibodies is referred to as?

Back 263

Humoral Immunity

Front 264

True or False
Azathoprine (Imuran) acts by decreasing cell mediated immune reaction and suppressing antibodies in transplant patients

Back 264

True

Front 265

Zidovudine (Retrovir), Ritonavir (Norvir), and Sauinavir (Invirase) are examples of immunomodulating agents used to treat what?

Back 265

HIV

Front 266

Name the four fat soluble vitamins

Back 266

A,D,E, and K

Front 267

Name the two water soluble Vitamins

Back 267

*Vitamin B Group (B1,B2,B3,etc)
*Vitamin C

Front 268

Vitamin produced with exposure to sunlight

Back 268

Vitamin D

Front 269

Drug overdose and poisoning treatments aim to do what four things?

Back 269

*Eliminate substance by emptying gastric contents
*Increasing gastric motility
*Alkalinizing the urine with sodium bicarbonate
*Filtering substance with dialysis

Front 270

What is chelation?

Back 270

Chelation is the binding of a substance with a compound like iron to make that substance inactive

Front 271

The Acronym SLUDGE stands for what?

Back 271

Salivation, lacrimation, urination, defecation, gastric motility, and emesis

Front 272

What are the two basic types of indirect-acting cholinergic drugs?

Back 272

Reversible inhibitors and irreversible inhibitors

Front 273

What is Neostigmine (prostigmin)?

Back 273

It is the prototype reversible cholinesterase inhibitor.

Front 274

Muscarinic Cholinergic Antagonists are?

Back 274

Cholinergic antagonists that block the effect of acetylcholine exclusively at the muscarinic receptors.

Front 275

Absence of pain.

Back 275

Analgesia

Front 276

Neuromuscular blockers affect?

Back 276

Nicotinic m receptors

Front 277

List four types of parasympathetic acetylcholine receptors.

Back 277

Muscarinic
Nicotinic
Nicotinic n (neuron)
Nicotinic m (muscle)

Front 278

Nicotinic Cholinergic Antagonists block what and where?

Back 278

They block acetylcholine only at nicotinic sites.

Front 279

Drugs used to affect parasympathetic nervous system.

Back 279

Cholinergics (parasympathomimetics)
Anticholinergics (parasympatholytics)
Ganglionic Blocking Agents
Neuromuscular Blocking Agent
Ganglionic Stimulating Agents

Front 280

List classes of cardiovascular drugs

Back 280

Antidysrhythmics
Antihypertensives
Hemostatic Agents
Antihyperlipidemic Agents

Front 281

Cardiovascular Drugs, What drugs fall under antihypertensives?

Back 281

Diuretics
Angiotensin II Receptor Antagonists
Calcium Channel Blocking Agents
Direct Vasodilators

Front 282

What is a hyperlipidemic?

Back 282

Drug used to treat high blood cholesterol.

Front 283

What are the 3 calcium channel blockers most frequently used?

Back 283

Verapamil (Calan, Isoptin),
Diltiazen (Cardizem),
Nifedipine (Procardia)

Front 284

What is an anticoagulant?

Back 284

Drug that interrupts the clotting cascade.