Chap. 6 Stimulants

Front 1

The psychoactive chemical in the coca plant is

Back 1

cocaine; a drug obtained from coca leaves; used in medicine for local anesthetic; a habit-forming drug used illegally to stimulate the central nervous system

Front 2

cocaine is derived from

Back 2

a tropical shrub (bush) that grows in the Andes in Bolivia and Peru; the active chemical in the coca plant

Front 3

Erythroxylon coca - (Cocaine)

Back 3

5000 B.C. Inca Empire, Peru was traced to the first uses of Coca; natives of the Andes in Bolivia and Peru still use coca by chewing the cocoa leaves; by adding calcified lime to raise alkalinity inside the mouth it increases the extraction of cocaine and allows greater absorption; coca leaves contain up to about two percent of cocaine

Front 4

coca paste

Back 4

coca leaves mixed with an organic solvent like kerosene or gasoline, soaked, mixed, mashed, filtered, and altered into a cheaper, smokable form of illicit cocaine, is more potent, extremely addictive and detrimental to health

Front 5

cocaine hydrochloride

Back 5

a salt (of hydrochloride acid) that mixes easily in water and cannot be heated, the most common form of pure cocaine, users either "snort" the drug (insufflation) or inject it intravenously; esp. administered intranasally.

Front 6

crack cocaine (or rock)

Back 6

mixture of cocaine, baking soda and water resulting in smokable, more potent cocaine; a street name for simple and stable preparation of a highly purified cocaine in small chips used illegally usually for smoking

Front 7

freebase

Back 7

to prepare or use (cocaine) as freebase; a method of preparing cocaine as a chemical base so that it can be smoked; a form derived from treatment of the hydrochloride of cocaine with ammonia or similar alkaloid solution followed by extraction with a solvent (as ether)

Front 8

Under which major category does cocaine fall?

Back 8

stimulant

Front 9

cocaine--mechanisms of action

Back 9

blocks the reuptake of dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin causing a prolonged effect of these neurotransmitters, resulting in stimulation of the CNS

Front 10

cocaine--route of administration

Back 10

cocaine can be taken by mouth, insufflation, injection, or inhalation; the effects and intensity varies depending on route of administration; more intense-intravenous injection and inhalation compared with oral or intranasal

Front 11

How would medical practice be affected if both cocaine and amphetamine were placed on Schedule I?

Back 11

there are several amphetamine containing drugs that would be pulled the market if if were placed on Schedule I because there are no prescribed Schedule I meds.

Front 12

amphetamine--history

Back 12

patented in 1932; intended as a substitute for ephedrine--marketed as Benzedrine (brand name) a bronchial dilator (OTC); used for treating narcolepsy (1935); used for treating hyperactivity (1935); during the 1930's, used as an appetite suppressant; during WWII, used by production workers and military (1939)

Front 13

ephedrine

Back 13

a sympathomimetic drug used to dilate the bronchial passages in treating asthma

Front 14

amphetamine--mechanisms of action

Back 14

effects catecholamine dopamine and norepinephrine synapses; the presynaptic storage mechanism recognizes and tries to store amphetamine molecules which results in leakage into the synapse, where they interact with receptor; damage and occupation of the reuptake mechanisms result in excitation and increased stimulation of the receptors; amphetamine-like drugs are similar in structure to dopamine and norepinephrine

Front 15

compare the dependence potential of cocaine with that of amphetamine

Back 15

defined by the DSM, amphetamine like compounds are capable of producing dependence; withdrawal has been described as similar to cocaine-related withdrawal; symptoms may include deep depression when drug wears off; rapid development of tolerance requires increased doses, craving, lethargy, and so on; amphetamine's could be habit-forming i.e. could produce psychological dependence

Front 16

methamphetamine

Back 16

a drug derived from amphetamine that is often used illegally as a stimulant of the central nervous system

Front 17

crank

Back 17

street name for illicitly manufactured methamphetamine; crystal meth; ice: street names for crystals of methamphetamine hydrochloride; broadly, methamphetamine in any form when used illicitly

Front 18

at what periods in history did cocaine reach its first and second peaks of popularity?

Back 18

Cocaine was the first medically used local anesthetic. late 19th century to early 20th century and late 1960s-- amphetamines were harder to obtain, which made cocaine popular again; in mid-1980s smoking opened new era in cocaine abuse.

Front 19

cocaine was popularized by

Back 19

Angelo Mariani (coca wine, the coca leaf extract in the wine) - W.S. Halsted (produced local anesthesia) - Sigmund Freud (depression and morphine dependence)

Front 20

How are coca paste, freebase, crack, and ice similar?

Back 20

They are all forms of cocaine.

Front 21

What similarities are there in the toxic effects of cocaine and amphetamine?

Back 21

both are potentially habit-forming, potential reinforcers, can produce psychological dependence; excessive use can result in a paranoid psychosis;

Front 22

forms of Cocaine

Back 22

coca leaves (paste), freebase, cocaine hydrochloride, smokable cocaine (crack or rock)

Front 23

amphetamine--absorption and excretion

Back 23

oral, intranasal, intravenous, smoked; taken orally produces peak effects in about 1.5 hours; intranasal peak effects occur between 5 to 20 min.; smoking and intravenous produces peak effect in 5 to 10 min.; drug half-life is from 5 to 12 hours; complete elimination occurs within 2 days of the last dose

Front 24

amphetamine--beneficial uses

Back 24

prescribed for short-term depression (adjunctive therapy)--weight control/reduction--narcolepsy--ADHD

Front 25

What is a chemical name?

Back 25

The chemical name gives a complete chemical description of a compound (NaCl)

Front 26

What is a generic name?

Back 26

The official (legal) name of drugs listed in the United States Pharmacopoeia, cannot be trademarked, name used by any manufacturer, never capitalized (aspirin)

Front 27

What is a brand name?

Back 27

Specifies a particular formulation and manufacturer and its trademark belongs to that manufacturer (Bayer aspirin)

Front 28

Define acute and chronic effects

Back 28

Acute: comes on suddenly; short-term effects.

Chronic: comes on after long-term drug use; long-term effects

Front 29

Explain acute toxicity versus chronic toxicity

Back 29

acute toxicity results from too much of a drug; chronic toxicity results from long-term exposure (blocking out vs. cirrhosis of the liver)

Front 30

cocaine and amphetamines appear to act by

Back 30

interacting with several neurotransmitters, including dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin

Front 31

amphetamines

Back 31

a synthetic sympathomimetic similar to ephedrine; a synthetic compound or one made from it used medically to increase the activity of the CNS but often abused for its stimulant effects