Chap. 34 Assessing The Respiratory System

Front 1

Air enter the nasal cavities of the respiratory system through the ______ ______. The nasal cavities are divided by the midline __________

Back 1

external nares
septum

Front 2

the nasal cavity mucosa has several functions. its major functions are to ________, _________, and ________ the incoming air

Back 2

warm, moisten and trap

Front 3

mucous membrane-lined cavities called ________are found in several bones surrounding the nasal cavities. they make the skull less heavy and probably act as resonance chamber for ______.

Back 3

sinuses
speech

Front 4

the passageway common to the digestive and respiratory systems, the ____ is often referred to as the throat; it connects the nasal cavities with _____ below.

Back 4

pharynx
larynx

Front 5

clusters of lymphatic tissue,_________, are part of the defensive system of the body. Reinforcement of the trachea will ______rings to prevents its collapse during ___________pressure changes with breathing.

Back 5

tonsils
cartilage
pressure

Front 6

The fact that the rings are incomplete posteriorly allows a food bolus to bulge _______during its transport to the stomach.

Back 6

anteriorly

Front 7

the voice box is built form many cartilages, but the largest are the signet ring-shaped ______ and the "Adam's Apple" or ________cartilage

Back 7

Cricoid
thyroid

Front 8

within the voice box are the ______, which vibrate with exhaled air and allow an individual to _______

Back 8

vocal cord
speak

Front 9

nasal mucous mucus secretes ______ , an enzyme that destroys bacteria

Back 9

lysozyme

Front 10

the pharynx is divided into 3 regions
1.
2.
3.

Back 10

the nasopharynx
oropharynx
laryngopharynx

Front 11

the pharynx is funnel shaped passageway that is _____long. extends for skull to_____.passageway for both food and air.

Back 11

5"
C6 vertebra

Front 12

larynx

Back 12

is 2 " long
routs air and food into proper passageway, contains the vocal cords. cough reflex, thyroid passage and epiglottis.

Front 13

trachea aka windpipe. descends from inferior larynx to enter the mediastinum. where it divides to become the right and left primary bronchi of the lungs.

Back 13

4" long
1" diameter

Front 14

the mucosa lining of the trachea contains________glands that produce a thick mucus. dust and debris is trapped in this mucus and is either swalled or coughed up

Back 14

seromucous

Front 15

the lower respiratory system

Back 15

contains the lungs, the brochi, and the bronchioles

Front 16

the center of the thoracic cavity is filled by the __________ which contains the heart, great blood vessels, bronchi, trachea, and esophagus. it is flanked on either side by the lungs

Back 16

mediastinum

Front 17

each lung is suspended in its own__________ . with the anterior, lateral and posterior lung surfaces lying close tot he ribs.

Back 17

pleural cavity

Front 18

The ________on the mediastinal surface of each pleural cavity, is where blood vessels of the pulmonary and circulatory systems and the primary bronchus enter and exit the lungs.

Back 18

hilus

Front 19

The _____of each lung lies just below the clavicle and the base of each lung rests on the diaphragm

Back 19

apex

Front 20

the lungs are elastic connective tissue, __________, and are soft and spongy. the lungs differ in size and shape the _______ lung is larger with three lobes

Back 20

stroma
right

Front 21

the vascular system of the lungs consists of the ________, which deliver blood to the lungs for oxygenation, and ________which deliver oxygenated blood to the heart.

Back 21

pulmonary arteries
pulmonary veins

Front 22

Within the lungs, the pulmonary arteries branch into a pulmonary capillary network that surrounds the alveoli. lung tissue receives its blood supply form the ________ and drains by the ___________

Back 22

bronchial arteries
bronchial and pulmonary veins

Front 23

there are ______alveoli in the lungs

Back 23

300,000,000

Front 24

The pleura is a _________ that covers the lungs and the inside of the ______ . The _______ lines the thoracic wall and mediastinum. it continuous with the visceral pleura, _________ the pleura produces______, a lubricating, _____ that allows the lungs to move easily over the thoracic wall during breathing.

Back 24

double membrane
thoracic cavities
parietal pleura
which covers the external lung surfaces
pleural fluid
serous fluid

Front 25

The sturcture of the pluera creates a slightly ______pressure in the pleural space ( which is a potential rather than an actual space). it is necessary for lung function

Back 25

negative

Front 26

The trachea divides into ____ and ____ primary bronchi. the _____ primary bronchus is ____,_____, and ________

Back 26

right and left
right
shorter, wider, and situated more vertically

Front 27

the point where the trachea divides is innervated with ______ ______. activities such as tracheal suctioning may induce ________ and _______ from stimulation of these neurons.

Back 27

sensory neurons
coughing and bronchospasm

Front 28

the bronchi subdivide into smaller ______ and then into smaller ______. ending in the _______ ________, which are extremely small.

Back 28

bronchi
bronchiloes
terminal brochioles

Front 29

From the terminal bronchioles; air moves into ____ ___, which further branch into ____ ___ that lead to ____ ____ and then to the tiny ____

Back 29

air sacs
alveolar ducts
alveolar sacs
tiny alveoli

Front 30

during inspiration, air enters the lungs through the _____ _____ and then moves through the increasingly smaller passageways of the lungs to the____ where oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange occurs

Back 30

primary bronchus
alveoli

Front 31

Alveoli cluster around the ____ ____ which open into a common chamber called the _____

Back 31

alveolar sacs
atrium

Front 32

the walls of alveoli are ____ _____ ___ ____ _____ cells over a very thin basement membrane.

Back 32

a single layer of squamous epithelial

Front 33

the external surface of the alveoli are covered with ______, the alveolar and capillary walls form the _____ _____.

Back 33

pulmonary capillaries
respiratory membrane

Front 34

Gas exchange across the respiratory membrane occurs by____ _____. the alveolar walls also contain cells that secrete a _____ ______ fluid, necessary for maintaing a moist surface and reducing the surface ______ of the alveiolar fluid to help prevent ____-

Back 34

simple diffusion
surfactant containing
tension
lung collaps

Front 35

the ____ pleura is the closest to the ribs. the ____ pleura is the furthest out

Back 35

visceral
parietal

Front 36

The lungs are protected by the ____ ___ ____ ___ ___. there are __ pair of ribs, which all articulate with the ____ _____.

Back 36

bones of the rib cage
12
thoracic verbrae

Front 37

the sternum has three parts:

Back 37

manubrium, the body and the xiphoid process

Front 38

the spaces between the rigs are call the ____ ____

Back 38

intercostal space

Front 39

each intercostal space is named for the rib_____

Back 39

immediately above it

Front 40

the space between the third and fourth ribs is designated as the ____ ____ _____

Back 40

third intercostal space

Front 41

the intercostal muscles between the ribs along with diaphragm are called the _______ _______

Back 41

inspiratory muscles

Front 42

phases of respiration

Back 42

ventilation-movement of air
inspiration (diaphram flattens)
expiration (diaphram rises, muscles relax
perfusion-flow of blood
diffusion- gas exchange between the blood and alveoli

Front 43

Factors affecting respiration

Back 43

changes in volume and capacity, air pressures, oxygen, CO2, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen ion concentrations in the blood, airway resistance, lung compliance and elasticity, and alveolar surface tension

Front 44

pulmonary function tests measure

Back 44

respiratory volumes and capacities

Front 45

tidal volume

Back 45

the volume inhaled and exhaled with normal quiet breathing 500 ml.

Front 46

Vidal capacity

Back 46

the total amount of air that can be exhaled after a maximal inspiration. it is calculated by adding together the IRT, TV, and the ERV.

Front 47

the two pressures that are normally present int the thoracic cavity are:

Back 47

intrapulmonary and intrapleural pressure

Front 48

the intrapleural pressure___ ___ ___ ___ ___ __ ___, rises and falls constantly as a result of ____ and ___. the intrapleural pressure, __, also rises and falls with each inhalation and exhalatiion, but it is always less than to the ___ ____

Back 48

within the alveoli of the lungs
inhalation and exhalation
within the pleural space
intrapulmonary pressure

Front 49

inspiration is

Back 49

active

Front 50

difficulty breathing _____
difficulty breathing while laying down is _____

Back 50

dyspnea
orthopena

Front 51

respiratory passageway resistance, lung compliance, and lung elasticity also affect respiration

Back 51

respiratory passageway resistance is created by the friciton encounters as gases move along the respiratory passageways, by constriction of the passageways, bu accumulations of mucus or infectious materal, and by tumors.

Front 52

as resistance increases, gas flow __

Back 52

decreases

Front 53

lung compliance is ___

Back 53

the distenability of the lungs. it depends on the elasticity of the lung tissues and the flexibility of the rib cage.

Front 54

compliance is decreased by:

Back 54

factors that decrease the elasticity of the lungs. block the respiratory passageways or interfere with movement of he rib cage

Front 55

Lung elasticity is essential for lung distention during inspiration and lung recoil during expiration. decreased elasticity from disease such as ___ impairs respiration

Back 55

emphysema

Front 56

A liquid film, primarily composed of __, covers the alveolar walls. at any gas-liquid boundary, the molecules of ___ are more strongly attracted to each other than to __ molecules. this produces a state of tension called ___ ___ that draws liquid molecules even more closely together

Back 56

water
liquid
gas
surface tension

Front 57

the water content of he alveolar film compacts the ____ and aids in the lungs ___ during expiration

Back 57

alveoli
recoil

Front 58

the blood carries both oxygen and co2 as dissolved gases and in chemical combination w hemoglobin. in addition, co2 is changed to and transported as ___

Back 58

bicarbonate

Front 59

P02 in ABG means

Back 59

partial pressure of oxygen
normal values are 80-100 if low indicates hypoxia

Front 60

PCO2 in ABG means

Back 60

partial pressure of carbon dioxide. normal levels are 35-45 mmHg. if below 35 it is alkolotic above 45 is acidosis.

Front 61

oxygen is carried in the blood either ___or ____bound to _____. as oxygen is relatively insoluble in solution, its ability to bind w hemoglobin is essential. approx. ___% of O2 is transported on hemoglobin, as ____. the reaming 1 or 2 % is dissolved.

Back 61

dissolved
bound
hemoglobin
98-99%
oxyhemoglobin

Front 62

the affinity of oxygen and hemoglobin ___ as the temp of body tissues rises above normal. resulting in less oxygen binding w hemoglobin, and o2 unloading _____. as the body is chilled, 02 unloading ____

Back 62

decreases
increases
decreases

Front 63

the o2-hemoglobin bond is weakened by increased ____ __. concentrations

Back 63

hydrogen ion

Front 64

as the blood becomes more ___ o2 unloading to the tissues increases. the same process occurs then the partial pressure of co2 increases becasue this decreases the pH

Back 64

acidotic

Front 65

the organic chemical 2.3-DPG is formed in red blood cells and increases the release of oxygen from ___ by binding to it during times of ncreased metabolism. this binding alters the structure of ___ to facilitate o2 unloading

Back 65

hemoglobin
metabolism
hemoglobin

Front 66

when the blood reaches the capillary level, it is critical that oxygen be able to dissociate from hemoglobin as only dissolved oxygen that is not bound to hemoglobin is able to pass thru the capillary wall, diffuse thru the cell membrane, and be available for use in cell metabolism.

Back 66

continued......

Front 67

the relation between the o2 carried in combination w hemoglobin and the PO2 of the blood can be illustrated in the ________, which demonstrates the release of 02 from hemoglobin at the tissue capillaries.

Back 67

hemoglobin dissociation curve

Front 68

Oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve
the percent o2 saturation of hmglb, and total blood o2 volume are shown for different oxygen partial pressures (Po2). arterial blood in the lungs is almost completely saturated. during one pass thru the body about___% of hemoglobin-bound o2 is unloaded to the tissues. thus, venous blood is still about ___% saturated w 02, the steep portion of the curve show that hemoglobin readily off-loads or on-loads o2 at ____ levels below about 50mmHg

Back 68

25%
75%
P02 (02 partial pressures)

Front 69

cells produce about ___ of co2 a minute. this is equal to the amount of c02 excreted by the lungs per minute

Back 69

200ml

Front 70

C02 is transported in three forms:

Back 70

bicarbonate ions in the plasma -mostly
dissolved in plasma
bound to hemoglobin

Front 71

when the P02____, with a corresponding ___ in O2 saturation____ amounts of co2 can be carried in the blood.

Back 71

decreases
decrease
increased

Front 72

c02 entering the __ ___ from the cells causes more ____ to dissociate from hemoglobin, in turn allowing more c02 to combine with ____ and more bicarbonate ions to be generated. this situation is reversed in the ____ ___, where the uptake of ____ facilitates the release of ______

Back 72

systemic circulation
oxygen
hemoglobin
pulmonary circulation
of oxygen
co2

Front 73

types of breath sounds

vesicular

Back 73

soft, low-pitched, gentle sounds. heard over all areas of the lungs except the major bronchi, have a 3:1 ratio for inspiration and expiration, w inspiration lasting longer than expiration.

Front 74

types of breath sounds

bronchovesicular

heard over lungs w fluid

Back 74

medium pitch and intensity of sounds. have a 1:1 ratio, with inspiration and expiration being equal i duration. heard anteriorly over the primary bronchus on each side of the sternum, and posteriorly between the scapulae

Front 75

types of breath sounds

bronchial

heard over lungs w fluid

Back 75

loud, high pitched sounds. gap between inspiration and expiration. have a 2:3 ratio for inspiration and expiration, with expiration longer than inspiration. heard over the manubrium