Ch9

Front 1

Fascia

Back 1

Surrounds each muscle and may project beyond the ends of it's muscle fibers forming a cordlike tendon

Front 2

Aponeuroses

Back 2

The connective tissues associated with a muscle form broad, fibrous sheets called. Which may attach to bone or the coverings of adjacent muscles

Front 3

Tendon

Back 3

It's fibers may intertwine with those in the periosteum of a bone, attaching the muscle to the bone

Front 4

Fascia

Back 4

Individual skeletal muscle is seperated from adjacent muscles and held in position by layers of dense connective tissue called

Front 5

Epimysium

Back 5

Layer of connective tissue that closely surrounds a skeletal muscle

Front 6

Epimysium

Back 6

May merge with the surrounding deep fascia

Front 7

Perimysium

Back 7

Extends inward from the epimysium and separates the muscle tissue into small sections

Front 8

Fascicles

Back 8

Bundles of skeletal muscle fibers

Front 9

Endomysium

Back 9

Each muscle fiber within a fascicle lies within a layer of connective tissue in the form of a thin covering called

Front 10

Deep fascia

Back 10

The portion of the network that surrounds the muscles

Front 11

Subcutaneous fascia

Back 11

Lies just beneath the skin forming the subcutaneous layer

Front 12

Subserous fascia

Back 12

The connective tissue layer of the serous membranes covering organs and various body cavities and lining those cavities

Front 13

Skeletal muscle fiber

Back 13

Single muscle cell

Front 14

Myofibrils

Back 14

Abundant long parallel structures in sarcoplasm they consist of two types of protein filaments thick and thin

Front 15

Myosin

Back 15

Thick filaments composed of the protein myosin

Front 16

Myosin

Back 16

Are in thick filaments in myofibrils

Front 17

Sarcomeres

Back 17

Striations form a repeating pattern of units called

Front 18

Actin

Back 18

Are in the thin filaments in a myofibril

Front 19

Titin

Back 19

The myosin filaments are also held in place by the zines and are attached to them by a large protein called

Front 20

Troponin

Back 20

Have three protein subunits and are attached to actin

Front 21

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

Back 21

Within the sarcoplasm of a muscle fiber is a network of membranous channels that surrounds each myofibril and runs parallel to it these channels form the

Front 22

Tropomyosin

Back 22

Are rod-shaped and occupy the longitudinal grooves of the actin helix

Front 23

Transverse tubules

Back 23

I set of membranous channels extends into the sarcoplasm as invaginations continuous with the sarcolemma and contains extracellular fluid

Front 24

Cisternae

Back 24

Each transverse tubale lies between two and largest portions of the sarcoplasmic reticulum called these three structures form a triad near the region where the actin and myosin filaments overlap

Front 25

Muscle fibers

Back 25

Cylindrical cells with many nuclei

Front 26

Cytoplasm

Back 26

Contains mitochondria sarcoplasmic reticulum and myofibrils of actin and myosin

Front 27

Troponin tropomyosin

Back 27

Associate with actin filaments

Front 28

Transverse tubules

Back 28

Extend from cell membrane into the cytoplasm and are associated with the cisternae of the sarcoplasmic reticulum

Front 29

Muscle fiber contraction

Back 29

Results from sliding movement of actin and myosin filaments overlapping that shortens the muscle fiber

Front 30

Synapse

Back 30

Cite of functional connection between neuron and cell

Front 31

Neurotransmitters

Back 31

Neurons communicate with the sales that they control by releasing chemicals called at the synapse

Front 32

Neurotransmitter molecules

Back 32

If use a very short distance to the sale being controlled where they have a special effect

Front 33

Motor neurons

Back 33

Neurons that control effectors including skeletal muscle fibers

Front 34

Neuromuscular junction

Back 34

The synapse where motor neuron axon and A skeletal muscle fiber meet

Front 35

Neuromuscular junction

Back 35

Here the muscle fiber membrane is specialized to form a motor end plate

Front 36

Motor end plate

Back 36

Renault Clio and mitochondria are abundant in the sarcolemma is extensively folded

Front 37

Synaptic cleft

Back 37

The small gap that separates the membrane of the neuron and the membrane of the muscle fiber

Front 38

Acetylcholine ACH

Back 38

Is the nearest transmitter that motor neurons used to control skeletal muscle contraction

Front 39

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

Back 39

In response to stimulation it releases calcium ions

Front 40

Troponin

Back 40

Combined with calcium ions causing the tropomyosin to shift and expose active sites on the actin for myosin binding

Front 41

Cross bridges

Back 41

Form between myosin and actin and actin filaments move inward shortening the sarcomere

Front 42

Cross bridge cycling

Back 42

A myosin head can attach to an actin binding site to form across bridge which pulls on actin filament the myosin head condena release the actin and attache to another Active binding site farther down the actin filament and pull again

Front 43

Acetylcholinesterase

Back 43

Rapidly decomposes acetylcholine remaining in the synapse preventing continuous stimulation of a muscle fiber

Front 44

Atp

Back 44

Supplies energy for muscle fiber contraction

Front 45

Creatine phosphate

Back 45

Stores energy that can be used to synthesize atp as it is decomposed

Front 46

Anaerobic reactions

Back 46

Yield few atp molecules

Front 47

Aerobic reactions

Back 47

Provide many atp molecules

Front 48

Hemoglobin

Back 48

In red blood cells carries oxygen from the lungs to the body cells

Front 49

Myoglobin

Back 49

In muscle cells temporarily stores some oxygen

Front 50

Oxygen debt

Back 50

Includes the amount of oxygen required to react accumulated lactic acid to form glucose and to restore supplies of atp and creatine phosphate

Front 51

Threshold stimulus

Back 51

Is the minimal stimulus needed to elicit a muscular contraction

Front 52

Twitch

Back 52

A single, short contraction of a muscle fiber

Front 53

Myogram

Back 53

Is a recording of the contraction of an electrically stimulated muscle or muscle fiber

Front 54

Latent period

Back 54

Time between stimulus and responding contraction

Front 55

Partial tetany

Back 55

At higher frequencies of stimulation, contraction with little time for relaxation is called

Front 56

Complete (fused) tetanic contraction

Back 56

Forceful sustained contraction without any relaxation

Front 57

Recruitment

Back 57

Multiple motor units summation, as the intensity of stimulation increases recruitment of motor units continues until finally all motor units are activated in that muscle

Front 58

Motor unit

Back 58

Motor neuron and muscle fibers

Front 59

Summation

Back 59

Increased force of contraction of skeletal muscle fiber when a twitch occurs before the previous twitch relaxes

Front 60

Motor units

Back 60

Respond in all or nothing manner

Front 61

At low intensity stimulation

Back 61

Relatively few motor neurons contract

Front 62

Tetanic contractions

Back 62

Common in everyday activities

Front 63

Muscle tone

Back 63

Even when a muscle appears at rest some of its fibers undergo sustained contraction this is called

Front 64

Isotonic

Back 64

Type of contraction that occurs when a muscle contracts and its ends are pulled closer together because the muscle shortens it is called a concentric contraction

Front 65

Eccentric reaction

Back 65

Another type of isotonic reaction called a lengthening contraction, occurs when divorce a muscle generates is less than that required to move or lift an object has been laying a book down on the table even in such a contraction cross bridges are working but not generating enough force to shorten the muscle

Front 66

Isometric

Back 66

Equal length change in force, occur continously in postural muscles that stabilize skeletal parts and hold the body upright pushing against a wall

Front 67

The speed of contraction

Back 67

Is related to a muscles specific function

Front 68

Fast contracting muscles

Back 68

White muscles have reduced ability to carry on the aerobic reactions of cellular respiration and tend to fatigue rapidly

Front 69

Slow contracting muscles

Back 69

Or red muscles can generate atp fast enough to keep up with atp breakdown and can contract for long periods

Front 70

Smooth muscle cells

Back 70

Contain filaments of myosin and actin, lack reverse tubules and the sarcoplasmic reticula are not well developed, types include multiunit smooth muscle, and visceral smooth muscle

Front 71

Visceral smooth muscle

Back 71

Displays rhythmicity

Front 72

Multiunit smooth muscle

Back 72

Cells are less well organized and function as separate units, independent of neighboring cells

Front 73

Multiunit smooth muscle

Back 73

Smooth muscle of this type is found in the irises of the eyes

Front 74

Multiunit smooth muscle

Back 74

Found in the walls of large blood vessels

Front 75

Multiunit smooth muscle

Back 75

Contracts only after stimulation by neurons or certain hormones

Front 76

Visceral smooth muscle

Back 76

Is composed of sheets of spindle shaped cells held in close contact by gap junctions

Front 77

Peristalsis

Back 77

These two features of visceral smooth muscle - conduction of impulses from cell to cell and rhythmicity - are largely responsible for the wavelike motion called

Front 78

Peristalsis

Back 78

Certain tubular organs, consists of alternate contractions and relaxations of the longitudinal and circular muscles

Front 79

Peristalsis

Back 79

Intestines, urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder

Front 80

Smooth muscle cells

Back 80

Don't have troponin, they have a protein called calmodulin

Front 81

Calmodulin

Back 81

In smooth muscle,binds to calcium ions released when it's cells are stimulated, activating contraction

Front 82

Cardiac muscle

Back 82

Contracts for a longer time than skeletal muscle because transverse tubules supply extra calcium ions

Front 83

Smooth muscle

Back 83

Slower to contract and relax than skeletal muscle, can forcefully contract longer with the same amount of atp,can change length without changing taughtness

Front 84

Levers

Back 84

Bones and muscles function together as

Front 85

Interval a teddy discs

Back 85

Connect the ends of cardiac muscle cells and hold the cells together, transmit the force of contraction from one cell to the next,as well as aid in the rapid transmission of impulses to the heart

Front 86

Network of cells

Back 86

Contracts as a unit and responds to stimulation in an all or none manner

Front 87

Origin

Back 87

Immovable end of the muscle

Front 88

Insertion

Back 88

Moveable end od a muscle, contraction pulls the insertion to the origin

Front 89

Prime mover

Back 89

Muscle doing majority of work

Front 90

Synergist

Back 90

Helper muscles that help the agonist ex pectoralis major, a chest muscle, and latissimus dorsi, a back muscle are synergistic for medial rotation of the arm

Front 91

Epicranius

Back 91

Origin occipital bone, insertion skin around eye, elevates eyebrow as when surprised, facial nerve

Front 92

Orbicularis oculi

Back 92

O maxillary and frontal bones, I skin around eye, a closes eye as in blinking, facial nerve

Front 93

Orbicularis oris

Back 93

O Muscles near the mouth, I skin of central lip, a closes lips, protrudes lips as for kissing, facial nerve

Front 94

Buccinator

Back 94

O alveolar processes of maxilla and mandible, I orbicularis oris,a compresses cheeks, facial nerve

Front 95

Zygomaticus major

Back 95

Zygomatic bone, skin and muscle at corner of mouth, a elevates corner of mouth as when smiling, facial nerve

Front 96

Zygomaticus minor

Back 96

O zygomatic bone, skin and muscle at corner of mouth, elevates corner of mouth when smiling , facial nerve

Front 97

Platysma

Back 97

Fascia in upper chest, skin and muscles below mouth;mandible, a depresses lower lip and angle of mouth as when pouting, facial nerve