Ch. 8 Part 2

Front 1

The promoter is comprised of?

Back 1

DNA

Front 2

What binds to the promoter?

Back 2

RNA polymerase

Front 3

If DNA is double stranded, how many strands is RNA?

Back 3

One

Front 4

During Transcrption what is the template made of?

Back 4

DNA

Front 5

What is transcription?

Back 5

Synthesis of complementary RNA stand from a DNA template.

Front 6

Energy for replication is supplied by?

Back 6

Nucleotides

Front 7

What is termination?

Back 7

A stop codon

Front 8

What is a degenerate code?

Back 8

More than one codon for an amono acid

Front 9

What binds to the operator?

Back 9

Active repressor

Front 10

What is the corepressor of the TRP Operon?

Back 10

Tryptophan

Front 11

RNA polymerase binds to?

Back 11

The promoter

Front 12

Permease --what is it's function?

Back 12

Brings lactose into the cell

Front 13

Mutations---what is it?

Back 13

Change in the base sequence in DNA which can change the end product.

Front 14

What is a mutagen?

Back 14

Agent that causes mutations. Ex: chemicals & radiation

Front 15

What is spontaneous mutation?

Back 15

Occurs in the absence of mutagens.

Front 16

Sometimes DNA replication, DNA polymerase makes mistakes which tries and proofreads... But?

Back 16

Sometimes DNA polymerase doesn't recognize the mistake. Makes a spontaneous mutation.

Front 17

Induced Mutations?

Back 17

Something present.. Like chemicals and/or radiation that cause mutations to occur.

Front 18

Base substitutions?

Back 18

One of the bases are substituted for another. Ex: "A" to a "T" or "G" to a "C."

Front 19

What is frame shift Mutation?

Back 19

1 or more bases have been added or removed. It causes a shift in the reading of that codon.

Front 20

Is point mutation the same as base mutation?

Back 20

Yes

Front 21

EXCISION REPAIR----What is it also called? What is it

Back 21

It is also called "dark repair." Can happen with or without light. Doesn't require it. Excision repair uses endonuclease that excises the damaged DNA (nucleic acids) in the middle.

Also, excision repair utilizes exonuclease to get rid of the thymine dimers that are present.

Front 22

Why does dark repair remove the thymine dimers, as well as any damage to the DNA?

Back 22

It removes it so that the damage is gone and can add the bases that it's suppose to have.

Front 23

How does it know whether or not what bases to add?

Back 23

The DNA is still there so it will make the complimentary bases from that DNA.

Front 24

What is the enzyme that adds DNA nucleotides?

Back 24

DNA polymerase

Front 25

What enzyme is used to cut out "excise" damaged nucleic acids in the middle?

Back 25

exonuclease

Front 26

What enzyme is used to remove thymine dimers?

Back 26

Endonuclease

Front 27

What enzyme forms a covalent bond that fuses the preexisting and new nucleotides together?

Back 27

Ligase

Front 28

What happens if there is too much damage to the DNA ?

Back 28

Unable to repair

Front 29

GENE TRANSFER & RECOMBINATION-

What bacteria will be focused on?

Back 29

E. Coli

Front 30

What is vertical gene transfer?

Back 30

The transmission of genes from parent to offspring.

Front 31

What is horizontal gene transfer?

Back 31

The way that bacteria divides and how it gains new genes that are beneficial to them..Uses the processes:

-Transformation

-Conjugation

-Transduction

Front 32

GENETIC RECOMBINATION----What is a recombinate?

Back 32

A chromosome of a bacteria that accepts new DNA. This new DNA will recombine to the new chromosome.

Front 33

Why does recombination occur?

Back 33

This is a way they gain new genes that are beneficial so that they can make enzymes that they couldn't make before.

Front 34

How does recombination occur?

Back 34

One of the ways is through transformation.

Front 35

What happened in Griffiths Experiment?.....Poor mouse...Yay for humans!

Back 35

1. Griffith injected encapsulated bacteria = mouse death.

2. Non- encapsulated bacteria injected = mouse lives - mouse lived because his immune system was able to fight off the NON-ENCAPSULATED bacteria.

3. Heat killed encapsulated(dead) bacteria injected=mouse lives--because there was no growth

--Griffith decided to make a vaccine with the heat killed encapsulated bacteria and the non-encapsulated bacteria---

4. Vaccine was injected to mouse= mouse death

Front 36

Why did the mouse die with the injection of the vaccine that had both the heat killed encapsulated bacteria and the non-encapsulated bacteria?

Back 36

The DNA of the dead encapsulated bacteria was still there so the live non-encapsulated bacteria took up the dead bacterial DNA and coded for the capsule. Therefore causes disease and avoided phagocytosis.

Front 37

What is transformation?

Back 37

It is the uptake of naked DNA from the environment. The DNA is OUTSIDE OF THE CELL! The bacteria will take the DNA from the outside environment and bring it inside the cell.

Step 1. DNA is imported

Step 2. Recombination can occur. Some of the DNA was taken up will recombine with the chromosome = NEW DNA

Front 38

What is Conjugation?

Back 38

Exchanging of DNA between 2 living organisms that connect to each other.

Front 39

In order for conjugation to occur, what is needed for the organisms to connect?

Back 39

The pilli/pillus

Front 40

What does the pilli/pillus transfer?

Back 40

It transfers a plasmid or a portion of chromosomes.

Front 41

What is the F-Factor? What is F+?

Back 41

F-Factor= fertility factor which is a plasmid.

F+ = Bacteria that have the F-factor plasmid

F- = Bacteria that lack the plasmid

Front 42

What happens if an F+ cell is replicated with a

F- cell?

Back 42

The F- cell will become an F+ cell.

Front 43

What does the plasmid help with?

Back 43

It helps the cell survive.

Front 44

If a plasmid and bacterial chromosome recombine, what type of cell is made?

Back 44

HFR cell is created when the plasmid and the bacterial chromosome recombine.

Front 45

What is the meaning of HFR?

Back 45

High Frequency of Recombination--Integrated HFR cell

Front 46

Why is the cell an HFR cell?

Back 46

F-Factor is no longer part of the plasmid it is part of the chromosome making it an HFR cell because the DNA has recombined with the plasmid making it integrated HFR cell.

Front 47

Why is an HFR cell not called an F+ cell?

Back 47

Because the F factor is combined with the chromosome.

Front 48

Why is an HFR cell unable to transfer plasmid?

Back 48

Because the plasmid has recombined with the bacterial choromosomal DNA.

Front 49

If HFR cells cannot transfer plasmid, what can they transfer?

Back 49

They are capable of transferring part of their DNA. Unable to transfer the plasmid because they lack that plasmid since its recombined.

Front 50

If and HFR cell conjugates and transfers part of it's DNA to a F- cell, is the F- cell still considered to be an F- cell?

Back 50

It will still be F- because the plasmid wasn't transferred. It is now a Recombinant cell.

Front 51

Define Generalized Transduction:

Back 51

Where bacteria transfers DNA from bacteria to another utilizing a VIRUS.

Front 52

What are bacterial phages?

Back 52

Bacterial Phages (phages) are the Virus that infect the bacteria by injecting the RNA or DNA, making a copy of itself.

Front 53

How does a bacterial phage (virus) infect other cells?

Back 53

Sometimes the phage will take some of the bacterial chromosomes-- RNA/DNA with it and once it replicates and releases from the cell, the virus now can go and infect other cells.

Front 54

What's the difference between generalized transduction and conjugation?

Back 54

Generalized Transduction: Virus transports bacterial DNA. Helps the bacteria be resisitant to antibiotics.

Conjugation: 2 cells connect through sex pilli/pillus and exchange DNA.

Front 55

What are the different types of plasmids? What do they do?

Back 55

Conjugative Plasmids: Carries the genes for the sex pilli and transfer the plasmid.

Dissimilation Plasmids: code for enzymes that allow the catabolism of certain sugars

R factors: Encode antibiotic resistance