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71 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Sensation |
how sensory receptors receive and represent stimulus energy from environment |
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Perception |
Organizing and interpreting sensory information enabling to recognize objects and events |
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Bottom-up processing |
sensory analys that begins with the sense recptors and works up to the level of brain and mind |
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Top-down processing |
sensory analysis that is guided by higher-level mental processes like experience and expectations |
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Transduction |
Transformation of energy from one for to another |
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Absolute threshold |
Minimum stimulation needed to detect a particularstimulus 50% of time |
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Subliminal Threshold |
When stimuli are below one's absolute threshold for consious awareness |
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Difference threshold |
Minimal difference a person can detect half the time (just noticeable difference |
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WEber's law |
TWo stimuli must differ by aconstant ratio to be perceived different |
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Sensory adaption |
Diminished sensitivity as consequence of constant exposure (perfume) |
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Perceptual set |
mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another |
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Context effect |
Context can radically alter perception |
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Cultural context |
Context instilled by culture also alters perception |
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Charcteristics of light |
Wavelength -hue/color Amplitude - brightness |
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Hue |
determined by the wavelength |
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Wavelength |
Distance from peak of one wave to the next |
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Brightness |
determined by the amplitude of the light wave (height) |
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Cornea |
Transparent tissues where lights enter the eye |
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Iris |
Muscle that expands and contracts to change the size of the opening (pupil) for light |
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Lens |
Transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to focus images on the retina |
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Accommodation |
The process by which theeye’s lens changes shape to help focus near or far objects on the retina. |
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Retina |
light- sensitive inner surface of the eye Contains photoreceptors (rods and cones) |
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Fovea |
The central focal point in the retina Made up of cones |
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Blind spot |
Pointwhere the optic nerve leaves the eye because there are no receptor cellslocated there. |
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Optic nerve |
Carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain |
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Feauture detection |
nerve cells in the visual cortext respond to specific features: edges angles and movement |
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Shape detection |
Specific combinationsof temporal lobe activity occur as people look at shoes, faces, chairs andhouses. |
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Visual information processing |
•The brain divides a visual scene intosubdivisions such as color, depth, form, movement, etc |
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Parallel processing |
Processing of several aspects of the stimulus simulatenously |
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Trichromatic theory |
Young & von Helmholtz Three types of color receptors. green red and blue |
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Opponent-process theory |
Hering 3 sets of opponent colors -red greed -Yellow blue - White black Afterimage effect |
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Gestalt psychologists |
demonstrated many principles we use to organize our sensation into perceptions |
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Figure and Ground |
Organization of the visual field into objects that stand out from their surroundings |
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Grouping |
After distinguishing thefigure from the ground, our perception needs to organize the figure into ameaningful form using grouping rules. |
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Depth perception |
developed early |
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Binocular cues |
depth cues that depend on two eyes |
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Monocular cues |
depth cues that are available to either eye alone relative size interposition |
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Retinal disparity |
images from two eyes differ. finger sausage |
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Relative size |
if two objects are similar in size, smaller = farther. |
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Interposition |
Objects that block other object = closer |
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Relative height |
Objects at higher = farther away |
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Relative motion |
Objects closer to fixation move faster opposite direction |
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Linear perspective |
Parallel lines appear to converge in the distance. Longer converge, distance bigger |
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Light and shadow |
Nearby objects reflect more light into our eyes than more distant objects |
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Motion perception |
based on several cues objects getting bigger or smaller stroboscopic movement |
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Phi Phenomenon |
illusion with light blinkin -> moving |
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Perceptual constancy |
Perceiving object as unchangin even as illumiation and retial images change |
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shape constancy |
perceive the form of familar object as constant even though their shape changes |
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size constancy |
perceive object as having a constant size, even if the distance from the object varies |
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Ames room |
Size distance illusion |
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Perceptual adpation |
visual ability to adjust to an artificially displaced visual field. Prism glasses. |
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Sound |
- Frequency - pitch -wave length. long = low - Amplitude - loudness - height of the wave. smaller = soft sound |
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Outer ear |
collects and sends sound to the eardrum |
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Middle ear |
Chamber between eardrum and cochlea containg three tiny bones that concentrate the vibration of the eardrum aon the cochlea's oval window |
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Inner ear |
Innermost part of the ear. Contains cochlea, semicircular canals, and vestibular sacs |
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Cochlea |
Coiled, bony, fluid-filled tube in the inner ear that transforms sound vibration to auditory signals |
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Localization of sound |
Intensity differences and time |
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Touch |
Mix of pressure, warmth, cold, and pain |
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Skin sense |
Only pressure has identifalbe receptors. others, variations of 3 |
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Pain |
Adaptive |
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Gate-control theory of pain |
Melazck and Wall ---The spinal cordcontains: •Small nerve fibers that carry the pain signal to thebrain •Large nerve fibers that carry other sensory signals tothe brain ----The spinal cordcontain a neurological gate•When injury happens, the small nerves are activate andopen the gate •Large fiber activity closes the gate, blocking painsignals from reaching the brain |
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Memories of pain |
Peak and at the end |
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Pain control |
Controleld by drugs surgery acupuncture exercise hypnosis and thought distraction |
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Taste |
A chemical sense each bud = 50~100 taste receptors five basic : sweet sour salty bitter umami |
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Sensory interaction |
When one sense affects another sense |
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smell |
chemical sense Odorants enter the nasal cavity to stimulate 5 million receptors 350 receptor types Strong memories made with sense of smell |
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Factors affecting sense of smell |
Women have better sense Groups diminishes sense -smokers -alcoholics -Alzheimer's disease -Parkinson's disease - Age |
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Body position and movement |
Kinesthesis - The sense of our body parts' position and movement Vestibular sense - monitors the head position |
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Kinesthesis |
the sense of our body part's position and movement |
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Vestibular sense |
Monitors the head |
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good job |
study hard |
