Ch 44 Animal Nutrition

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Animals have two basic requirements:

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1) chemical energy from APT

2) carbon-containing molecules

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Animals are heterotrophs

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- they obtain the energy and nutrients they need from other organism rather than making their own food as plants do

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Four processes are needed to obtain energy from food:

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-ingestion (taking in food)

-digestion (breakdown of food into smaller pieces)

-absorption (uptake of nutrients)

-elimination (disposal of wastes)

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Nutrients are

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Amino acids

Vitamins

Minerals

Electrolytes

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Suspension feeders

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Filter small organisms or bits of organic debris from water, by means of cilia, mucus lined "nets" or other structures

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Deposit feeders

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Swallow organic-rich sediments and other types of deposited material

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Fluid feeders

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Suck or lap up fluids

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Mass feeders

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Seize and manipulate chunks of food by using jaws, teeth, beaks, or special toxin-injecting organs

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The cichlid jaw

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Pharyngeal jaws and oral jaws

T.P (crushes snails)

C. T ( tears fish scales)

L.F. (compacts algae)

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Digestion

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The breakdown of food so it's small enough for absorption (the uptake of nutrients)

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Absorption

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Takes place through the membranes of the cells of the GI tract

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Digestion occurs

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In a tube like structure known as the gastrointestinal tract (GI tract)

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Along the GI tract

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Are glands that secrete enzymes that break down the food into small enough molecules to be absorbed

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Mouth

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Site if mechanical and chemical processing (saliva digests carbohydrates)

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Esophagus

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Transports food

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Stomach

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Site of mechanical and chemical processing (digests proteins)

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Small intestine

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Site of chemical processing and absorption (digests proteins, fats, carbogydrates; absorbs nutrients and water)

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Large intestine

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Absorbs water and forms feces; harbors symbiotic bacteria

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Appendix

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Contains immune tissue; harbors symbiotic bacteria

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Anus

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Eliminates feces

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Salivary glands

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Secretes enzymes that digest carbohydrates; supply lubricating mucus

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Liver

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Secretes molecules that aid in fat digestion

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Gallbladder

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Stores secretions from liver; empties into small intestine

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Pancreas

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Secretes enzymes and other materials into small intestine

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Digestion begins

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In the mouth, starting with the tearing and crushing activity of teeth during chewing

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Protein digestion begins

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In the acid environment of the stomach

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Carbohydrates

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Salivary amylase in the mouth

Pancreatic amylase in the lumen of small intestine

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Lipids --- monoglycerides fatty acids

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Lingual lipase (mouth)

Bile salts and pancreatic lipase

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Proteins -->polypeptides-->short peptides amino acids

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Pepsin (stomach)

Trypsin, chymotrypsin, elastase, carboxypeptidase, (lumen of the small intestine)

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Salivary amylase

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Begins the breakdown of carbs in the mouth

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Salivary glands

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In the mouth release water and glycoproteins called mucins

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-when mucins contact water, they form the slimy substance called mucus

-the mucus allows for food to be swallowed

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Cells in the tongue

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secrete lipase, which begins the breakdown of lipids

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Sphincter

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Seals off stomach from esophagus and small intestines

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In the stomach

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Chief cells (secrete pepsinigen)

Parietal cells (secrete HCl)

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Four chambered stomach

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1) rumen

2) reticulum

3) omasum

4) abomasum

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Villi and folds

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Are found in the small intestine

Each villus are covered in microvilli

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Secretin( a hormone produced in the small intestine) primary function

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Is to induce a flow of bicarbonate ions from the pancreas to the small intestine

-bicarbonate neutralizes the acid arriving from the stomach

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Cholecystikinin,

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Stimulates secretion from the liver and gall bladder (aid in digestion of lipids)

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Gastrin

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Is a hormone found in the stomach; gastrin stimulates the secretion of the HCl

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The pancreas also produce enzymes for the digestion of DNA, RNA, and carbohydrates

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Nucleases digest RNA and DNA

Pancreatic amylase continues the digestion of carbs

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2 general principles about nutrient absorption

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1) it is highly selective; proteins in the plasma membranes of microvilli transport nutrients into cells

2) it is active transport

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Hypothesis: glucose enters epithelial cells along with sodium ions via a Na+ glucose cotransporter protein

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Prediction: an egg will be able to absorb Na+ and glucose, because it received the mRNA that codes for the Na+ glucose cotransporter

Conclusion: the egg that absorbs Na+ and glucose received the mRNA from the Na+ glucose cotransporter gene.

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Pancreatic lipase

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-breaks certain bonds present in complex fats

- results in the release of fatty acids and other small lipids

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Hydrophobic fats tend

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To enter the small intestine in large globules that must be broken up (emulsified) before digestion can begin

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Digestion of lipids in small intestine

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1) large fat globules are not digested efficiently by lipase

2) bile salts (produced in liver) act as emulsifying agents

3) small fat droplets result fro. Emulsification

4) lipase digests the small fat droplets into monoglycerides and free fatty acids

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When solutes from digested material are brought into the epithelium of the small intestine via active transport, water follows passively by osmosis

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Some water is absorbed in order to form the feces

Water is absorbed in the large intestine through aquaporins

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In humans, the Cecum is dramatically reduced in size and functions in defence against invading bacteria and viruses

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-because it's size and function differ from those of a cecum, it is called the appendix

- on an evolutionary note, the appendix is considered a vestigal organ, or it may store symbiotic organisms active in the colon

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The transmembranes water channels aquaporins

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Play a major role in water movement in the large intestine