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47 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the two main streams of thought concerning mental disorders? |
1. focuses on the biological aspects of disorders 2. Focuses on environmental influences |
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What does the biological approach tend to dismiss?
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The influence of experiences
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Who said that all humans are born tabula rasa (a blank slate)?
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John Locke
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What is a single factor explanation?
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To state that a genetic defect or single traumatic experience causes a mental disorder
Example: a single factor explanation of social anxiety may be that it runs in the family |
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What is an interactionist explanation?
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Behaviour is the product of the interaction of a variety of factors. This theory takes into account the biology and behaviour of the individual, and the cognitive, social, and cultural environment.
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What are the three essential features that deem a scientific theory valuable?
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1. They integrate most of what is currently known about the phenomena in the simplest way possible 2. they make testable predictions about what aspects of the phenomena that were not previously thought of 3. they make it possible to specify what evidence would deny the theory |
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Experiments are not set up to prove the worth of theory but rather...
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To reject (or fail to reject) what is called the null hypothesis
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What is the null hypothesis?
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Proposes that the prediction made from the Siri is False
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What are the for general aims of theories about mental disorders?
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1. to explain the etiology (that is, the causes or origins) of that problem behavior 2. identify the factors that maintain the behavior 3. predict the course of disorder 4. design and effective treatment |
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What is reductionism?
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The actions of the hole are such because by one or other of the component parts. Reductionist thinking ignores the rather obvious possibility that human behavior in all its formsIs the product of an array of features.
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Biological models...
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For older model for medicine but also co-opt the language of medicine calling clients patients and the problem symptoms or syndromes, in describing the response to these problems as treatment
Biological series of primarily implicated dysfunction in or damage to the brain, problems of control of one or another aspect of preferred nervous system, or malfunctioning of endocrine system. |
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What does the hindbrain do?
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Primarily directs the functioning of the autonomic nervous system, which in turn controls primarily internal activities such as digestion, cardiovascular functioning, and breathing.
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What does the midbrain do?
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The center of the reticular activating system, which controls arousal levels and thereby attentional processes.
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What does the forebrain do?
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Control thought, speech, perception, memory, Learning, and planning
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What are the neurotransmitters?
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Chemical substances that carry the message from wonder onto the next in the complex pathways of nervous activity within the brain. Nerve cells are not connected to one another, selectivity and one or on does not directly stimulate activity in other neurons.
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What is the gap called between the axons of one neuron in the dendrites of Neighboring neurons?
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Synapse or synaptic cleft.
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What are the four ways that normal behaviour can result from disturbances in neurotransmitter systems?
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1. There may be too much or too little of the neurotransmitter produced or released into the synapse 2. there maybe two few or too many receptors on the dendrites 3. there maybe an access or deficit in the amount of the transmitter deactivating substance in the synapse 4. the reuptake process may be two rapid or too slow |
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What is brain plasticity?
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The capacity of the brain to reorganize it circuitry and it can be influenced by a number of experiences that occurred pre-and post-Natally through hormones, diet, aging, stress, disease, and maturation.
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The preferred nervous system...
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Include the somatic nervous system which controls the muscles and the autonomic nervous system which has two parts: the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system
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What does the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system do for your body?
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Sympathetic nervous system: ready to body for action (fight or flight), by the increasing heart rate, pupil size, inbreeding
Parasympathetic nervous system: shuts down digestive processes, since energy given to this function would be wasted in the time of emergency. It also brings you back down from your fight or flight response |
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What are the two disorders known to be related to malfunctioning endocrine glands?
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Cretinism: a disorder involving a dwarf like appearance in mental retardation, is a result of a defective thyroid gland
Hypoglycemia: which results from the pancreas failing to produce balance levels of insulin or glycogen, produces experience that mimic anxiety, in some patients report to anxiety disorder clinics are in fact suffering from hypoglycemia. |
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What is the HPA?
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Hypothalamus pituitary adrenal axis: is activated in response to stressors and involves an intricate system of communication between the hypothalamus, the pituitary gland, and the adrenal cortex. An important action of HPA axis involves the release of the stress hormone cortisol into the bloodstream by the adrenal cortex. This hormone facilitates an individual's response to short-term threats by producing a number of changes in the body.
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Explain the study done by Caspi where he examines the interactive effects of a genotype associated with depression and stressful life events.
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the genotype of interest was serotonin. Offered to spoons and study reported experiencing stressful life events, but the relationship between stressful life events and depression was much stronger among adults to also had two S alleles.
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What is catharsis? |
Discharging the emotional responses attached to these unconscious memories by identifying the original dramatic experience during hypnosis
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In Freud's theory what are the four features that determine current behavior and thinking both normal and abnormal?
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Levels of consciousness
Structures of personality Psychosexual stages of development Defense mechanisms |
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What are Freudians three levels of consciousness?
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The conscious: which contains information of which we are currently aware
The preconscious: which world information not presently within our awareness but that can readily be brought into awareness The unconscious: which contains the majority of our memories and drives that unfortunately can only be raised to awareness with great difficulty and typically only in response to particular techniques. |
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What are Freudians three structures of personality?
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The id: the structure present at birth and it contains, or represents, the biological or instinctual drives. These drives demand instant gratification without concern for the consequences either to the self or to others. The ego: develops in the first year of life, and develops to curb the desires of the id so that the individual does not suffer any unpleasant consequences. There is no concern here for what is right or wrong but only for the avoidance of pain or discomfort and the maximization of unpunished pleasure. Superego: internalization of the moral standards of society enforced by the child's parents. It is a moral principle and it serves as a persons conscience by monitoring the ego. |
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What are Freud's five psychosexual stages of development?
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Oral: happens between birth and 18 month old. The focus is on oral activities like eating and sucking
Anal: 18 months to three years old. Toilet training-Child may cooperate or is this by soiling or withholding Phallic: 3 to 6 years old. Oedipal or electra complex Latency: 6 to 12 years old. Consolidation of behavioral skills and attitudes Genital: adolescent-death. The Achievement of personal and sexual maturity |
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what are Freud's defense mechanisms?
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Repression: burying an unconscious the unacceptable impulses of the ID
Regression: employing behaviors typical of an earlier stage of development Projection: attributing one's own desires to others Intellectualization: hiding the real issues behind the screen of abstract analysis ex. A criminal appealing his conviction, despite admitting guilt, on the grounds of improper trial procedures. Denial: refusal to his knowledge and unpleasant reality Displacement: the transfer of feelings from one person to another, less threatening person. ex. A person humiliated by her employer directs her anger toward her spouse. Reaction formation: repressing unacceptable desires by expressing the opposite viewpoint Sublimation: transformation of sexual or aggressive energy into some more acceptable activity |
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What was the famous experiment done to show classical conditioning?
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Pavlov's dogs
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What is the two factor theory of conditioning?
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Two types of learning take place in the acquisition in maintenance of phobias:
1. classical conditioning establishes the aversive response to a previously neutral stimulus (the CS) 2. thereafter the organism avoids the CS in order to prevent feeling afraid. Avoiding the CS of course effectively prevent extinction from occurring |
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What was the famous experiment done to show operant conditioning?
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Skinners box
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What are the two main factors of operant conditioning?
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Positive and/ or negative Reinforcement and punishment
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What is the social learning theory?
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Originally outlined by bandura, Learning happens by observing.
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What is the cognitive behavioral theory?
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Reflects you that both thinking and behavior are learned and therefore can be changed. This approach assumes that the way in which people view the world, including their Beliefs and attitudes toward the world arrive out of their experience and that these patterns of thinking and perceiving I maintained by consequences in the same way that overt behaviors maintained.
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What are the three principles that clinically oriented cognitive theories share?
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1. that thinking affects emotion and behavior 2. that thoughts can be monitored and change 3. that by altering one's thoughts one will experience desired behavioral and emotional change |
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What is the rational-emotive behavior therapy?
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Developed by Albert Ellis, when faced with a unfavorable life circumstances, human beings tend to make themselves feel frustrated, disappointed, and miserable, and behave in self-defeating ways, mainly because they construct irrational beliefs about themselves and their situations.
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What is the ABC model of human disturbance?
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The consequences (C) of life events are not contingent upon the activating event (A) per se, but are mediated by ones beliefs (B) about these experiences |
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What is cognitive theory and therapy?
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States that emotions and behaviors are heavily influenced by the individual perceptions or cognitive appraisal of events. There are three main levels of cognition that are emphasized in this theory:
1. schemas 2. information processing and intermediate beliefs 3. automatic thoughts |
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What are humanistic and existential theories?
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According to this view, it is through experience that people form their sense of themselves and of the world. However, experience is not the objective observation of external events, but rather the accumulation of perceptions of the world.
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Who were the two main people of humanistic views?
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Maslow (hierarchy of needs) and Carl Rogers (abnormal behavior results from persons distorted view of himself or herself which in turn arises from an inability to trust experience.)
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What is Maslow's hierarchy of needs?
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What are existential views?
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See the individuals awareness of his or her own existence as a critical feature of human functioning. This awareness brings with it the realization that we could and eventually will cease to exist
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what are the socio-cultural influences of abnormal psychology?
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Stigma
Social support gender race and poverty |
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What is the systems theory?
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Proposes that the whole is more than the sum of its parts, whereas reductionism says that the whole is the sum of its parts. This View of the way things behave sees causation as a combined effect of Multiple factors that are likely to be bidirectional.
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What is the diathesis-stress perspective?
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A predisposition to developing a disorder interacting with the experience of stress causes mental disorders. According to this view, this interaction underlies the onset of all disorders although either the predisposition or the stress maybe more important and a particular disorder or in a particular person
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What is the biopsychosocial model?
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Declares that disorders cannot be understood as resulting from the influence of one factor, be at biological, psychological, or social.
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