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91 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The function of the nervous system is to
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communicate
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The nervous system consists of the
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brain, spinal chord, and nerves
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The nervous system is organized to detect changes in
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internal and external environments
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The nervous system evaluates ____ and initiates a ____
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information, response
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Nervous system is subdivided into 2 smaller systems, what are they?
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Central nervous system and peripheral nervous system
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The central nervous system consists of the ___ and ___
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brain, spinal chord
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Which nervous system is the structural and functional center of the entire nervous system?
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Central
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Which sub-nervous system integrates information and initiates a response?
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Central
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Afferent division consists of all ___ sensory pathways
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incoming
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Efferent division consists of all ___ motor pathways
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outgoing
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Efferent division of the autonomic nervous system carries info to the ___ effectors
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visceral
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What division prepares the body to deal with immediate threats to the internal environment?
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Sympathetic division
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What division coordinates the body's normal resting activities?
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Parasympathetic division
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Parasympathetic division is sometimes called the
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rest-and-repair division
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Visceral sensory division carries _____ to autonomic integrating centers in the CNS
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feedback information
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What do glia cells support?
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Neurons
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What are the 5 types of glia cells?
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Astrocytes, microglia, ependymal, oliogodendrocytes, and schwann
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Which glia cell: star-shaped, largest and most numerous type of glia
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astrocytes
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Which glia cell: Found only in peripheral neurons
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schwann
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Which glia cell: Small, usually stationary cells. In inflamed brain tissue, they enlarge, move about, and carry on phagocytosis.
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microglia
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Which glia cell: form thin sheets that line fluid-filled cavities in the CNS. Some produce fluid, others aid in the circulation of fluid
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ependymal
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Which glia cell: smaller than astrocytes, hold nerve fibers together and produce the myelin sheath
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oliogodendrocytes
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Which glia cell: Supports nerve fibers and forms myelin sheaths
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Schwann
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Which glia cell: Transfer nutrients from the blood to the neurons
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astrocytes
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What is the whole Schwann wrapping around the axon? (The myelin sheath plus the neurilemma)
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neuronal sheath
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What are Schwann cells that cover and support cell bodies in the PNS?
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Satellite cells
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What are excitable cells that initiate and conduct impuleses that make possible all nervous system functions?
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Neurons
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Which component of a neuron provides protein molecules needed for transmission of nerve signals from one neuron to another
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Cell body
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Which component of a neuron provides energy (ATP) for neurons?
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mitochondria
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Which component of a neuron conducts nerve signals to the cell body?
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dendrites
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What are the small, knoblike protrusions that serve as connection points for axons of other neurons?
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dendritic spines
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A single process covered by a myelin sheath that conducts nerve impulses away from the cell body.
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Axon
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What are swellings that make contact with other cells?
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varicosities
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Distal tips of axons are __
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telodendria
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Which component of a neuron allows the rapid transport of small organelles?
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cytoskeleton
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What are the functional regions of the neuron?
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input zone, summation zone, conduction zone, output zone
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Which zone contains the dendrites and ell body?
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input zone
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Which zone contains the axon hillock?
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summation zone
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Which zone contains the axon?
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conduction zone
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Which zone contains the telodendria and synaptic knobs of axon?
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output zone
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Which glia cell: form thin sheets that line fluid-filled cavities in the CNS. Some produce fluid, others aid in the circulation of fluid
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ependymal
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Which glia cell: smaller than astrocytes, hold nerve fibers together and produce the myelin sheath
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oliogodendrocytes
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Which glia cell: Supports nerve fibers and forms myelin sheaths
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Schwann
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Which glia cell: Transfer nutrients from the blood to the neurons
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astrocytes
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What is the whole Schwann wrapping around the axon? (The myelin sheath plus the neurilemma)
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neuronal sheath
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What are Schwann cells that cover and support cell bodies in the PNS?
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Satellite cells
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What are excitable cells that initiate and conduct impuleses that make possible all nervous system functions?
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Neurons
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Which component of a neuron provides protein molecules needed for transmission of nerve signals from one neuron to another
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Cell body
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Which component of a neuron provides energy (ATP) for neurons?
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mitochondria
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Which component of a neuron conducts nerve signals to the cell body?
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dendrites
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How are neurons classified?
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By structure or function
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one axon and several dendrites
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multipolar
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only one axon and one dendrite
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bipolar
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one process comes off neuron cell body but divides almost immediately into two fibers
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unipolar
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What is the least numerous kind of neuron?
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bipolar
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What is the signal conduction route to and from the CNS, with the electrical signal beginning in receptors and ending in effectors
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reflex arc
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What is the most common neuron arc?
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Three neuron arc
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What does a three neuron arc consist of?
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afferent neurons, interneurons, and efferent neurons.
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What is the most simple neuron arc?
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Two-neuron arc
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What does a two-neuron arc contain?
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afferent and efferent neurons
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Where nerve signals are transmitted from one neuron to another
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synapse
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What are the 2 types of synapse?
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electrical and chemical
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Chemical synapses are typical in
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adults
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Where are chemical synapses located?
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At the junction of the synpatic knob of one neuron and the dendrites/cell body of another neuron
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Bundles of peripheral nerve fibers held together by several layers of connective tissue
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nerves
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delicate layer of fibrous connective tissue surrounding each nerve fiber
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endoneurium
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connective tissue holding together fascicles
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perineurium
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fibrous coat surrounding numerous fascicles and blood vessels to form a complete nerve
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epineurium
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Within the CNS, bundles of nerve fibers are called what?
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tracts
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White matter in the PNS
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myelinated nerves
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White matter in CNS
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myelinated tracts
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Composed of cell bodies and unmyelinated fibers
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gray matter
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In the CNS, gray matter is referred to as what?
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nuclei
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In the PNS, gray matter is referred to as what?
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ganglia
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Mature neurons are incapable of what?
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cell division
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All living cells maintain a ___ in the concentration of ions across their membranes?
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difference
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What is the slight excess of positively charged ions on the outside of the membrane and slight deficiency of positively charged ions on the inside of the membrane?
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membrane potential
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Difference in electrical charge
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potential
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Magnitude of a potential difference between the two sides of a polarized membrane is measured in
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volts or millivolts
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The sign of a membrane's voltage indicates what?
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The charge on the inside surface of a polarized membrane
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What is the membrane potential of a neuron conducting an impulse?
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action potential
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The action potential is A.K.A.what?
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nerve impulse
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How long does absolute refractory period last?
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0.5ms
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In myelinated fibers, action potentials in the membrane only occur at the ____
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nodes of Ranvier
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What does the speed of nerve conduction depend on?
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diameter and the presence/absence of myelin sheath
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2 types of summation
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spatial and temporal
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How many compounds are known to be neurotransmitters?
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30
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2 categories of amines
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monoamines and catecholamines
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Where does nerve tissue development begin?
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ectoderm
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Where does nerve tissue development occur most rapidly?
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in the womb
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Neurons act as the ___ that connects structures needed to maintain homeostasis
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wiring
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