Ch. 10 For Bio Lab 220

Front 1

Central Nervous System

Back 1

Consists of the Brain and Spinal Cord

Front 2

Peripheral Nervous System

Back 2

consists of nerves and ganalia the channel impulses from the central nervous system

Front 3

Neurons

Back 3

primary functional units of the nervous system (specialized to conduct action potentials along great distances at high speeds)

Front 4

Neuroglia

Back 4

support cells of nevous tissue that protect, nourish, and promote neuron function

Front 5

Cell Body

Back 5

aka- soma: the part of the neuron containing the nucleus and most of the cells organelles

Front 6

neurofibrils

Back 6

cytoskeletal elements---they function in support and intracellular support

Front 7

Nisil Bodies

Back 7

elaborate, rough endoplasmic reticulum involved in metabolic activities of the cell

Front 8

dendrites

Back 8

tiny "branch looking" arms extending away from the cell body

Front 9

Axon Hillock

Back 9

it is at the cone-shaped junction between the axon and the cell body

Front 10

Myelin Sheath

Back 10

when th axon is wrapped with an external covering

Front 11

Axon Terminals

Back 11

small processes at the end of he axon and its axon collaterals

Front 12

Synaptic Vesicles

Back 12

Enclose the neurotransmitters and release them by exocyosis

Front 13

Synaptic Cleft

Back 13

The small space where neuroransmitters diffuse across

Front 14

Receptors

Back 14

Detects changes in the environmnent, such as temperature ot pressure against the skin

Front 15

Sensory (afferent) Neurons

Back 15

Carries the information from the receptors to form action potential to the Central Nervous System

Front 16

Interneuron (association neuron)

Back 16

carries impulses to other interneurons for integration

Front 17

Motor (efferent) Neuron

Back 17

Carries it away from the Central Nervous System to terminate at an effector (such as a muscle or gland)

Front 18

Multipolar Neurons

Back 18

(e.g. motor neurons) have numerous processes, including a single axon and many denrites

Front 19

Bipolar Neuron

Back 19

Neuron with one axon and one dendrite on either side of the cell body

Front 20

Unipolar Neuron

Back 20

A neuron with just one process, the axon

Front 21

Neurolemma

Back 21

When most of the cytoplasm and the cell's nucleus is pushed to the outermost layer of the seath, forming a small bulge

Front 22

Node of Ranvier

Back 22

the gap between each segment which exposes the axon to the extracellular space

Front 23

Four Main Regions of the Brain:

Back 23

Cerebrum, Cerebellum, Deiencephalon, and the Brain Stem

Front 24

Cranial Nerves

Back 24

carry impulses to and from the brain---they extend from parts of the brain

Front 25

Cerebrum

Back 25

The largest and most prominent part of the brain It recieves and interprets sensry information, memory, thought, personality, intelect, and skeleta muscle control.

Front 26

Longitudinal Fissure

Back 26

Deep dowfold that separates the cerebrum into two parts; the right and left cerebral hemispheres

Front 27

Transverse Fissure

Back 27

Separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum

Front 28

Central Sulcus

Back 28

Divides the Frontal lobe from the parietal lobe

Front 29

Cerebral Cortex

Back 29

The outermost fringe of the cerebrum

Front 30

Association Fibers

Back 30

extend to areas within the same hemisphere

Front 31

Commisural Fibers

Back 31

Extend between the two hemispheres

Front 32

Projection Fibers

Back 32

Ascend or descend through the brain

Front 33

Corpus Callosum

Back 33

Promient tract within the commisural fibers

Front 34

Basal Ganglia

Back 34

Control semiconscious muscle movements and participate in the limbic system (aka emotional functions of the brain)

Front 35

Cerebellum

Back 35

inferior to the cerebrum in the cranial cavity

Front 36

Vermis

Back 36

Separates the right and left cerebellar hemispheres. (resembling a 'worm')

Front 37

Diencephalon

Back 37

Located within the center of the brain; inferior to he cerebrum. Contains three main parts: the thalamus, hypothalmus, and the epithalmus

Front 38

Thalamus (inner chamber)

Back 38

The largest part of the diencephalon, forms about 80% of its totally mass. Involved in conciousnes , emotions, learning, and memory.

Front 39

Hypothalamus

Back 39

Inferior to the thalamus. A small rough triangular region containing important nuclei (that is necessary for bodily functios, e.g.- hunger, thirst, emoition, behavior, temp. control and other hormonal activities)

Front 40

Infundibulum

Back 40

Narrow stock connecting the hypothalmus and the pituitary gland

Front 41

Optic Chiasma

Back 41

Where the optic nerves from each eyeball cross before continuing to the occipital lobe of the cerebrum

Front 42

Epithalamus

Back 42

Small area superior to the thalamus. It is dominated by the pineal gland (an endocrine gland)

Front 43

Brain Stem

Back 43

The inferior stemlike part of the brain that connects the higher parts of the brain with the spinal cord. Consits of 3 parts: the midbrain, the pons and the medulla oblongata

Front 44

Midbrain

Back 44

the superior part ot the brain stem. Contains myelinted fibers that connect the upper and lower brain regions. Also contains colliculli that regulate eye, head and trunk movements.

Front 45

Cerebral Peduncles

Back 45

bundles of myelinated fibers that connect the upper and lower brain regions.

Front 46

Corpora Quadrigemina

Back 46

contains the superior colliculli and the inferior colliculli

Front 47

Superior Colliculli

Back 47

clusters of gray matter that regulate reflexes in the eye, head and trunk.

Front 48

Inferior Colliculli

Back 48

reflexes associated with auditory stimuli.

Front 49

Pons

Back 49

An expanded portion of the brain stem inferior to te midbrain and anterior to the cerebellum. Contains reflex centers associated with breathing.

Front 50

Medulla Oblongata

Back 50

The inferiormost part of the brain, connecting to the spinal cord through the foramen magnum. Contains reflex centers associated with: coughing, sneezing and vomiting.

Front 51

Cranial Bones

Back 51

How the brain is protected fro physical injury

Front 52

Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

Back 52

Membranes that surround the brain

Front 53

Meninges

Back 53

Deep to the cranial bones. Contains 3 layers: dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater.

Front 54

Dura Mater

Back 54

The outermost meningeal layer. Consits of tough outer periosteal layers attached to the cranium.

Front 55

Arachnoid Mater

Back 55

Deep to the dura mater. Consists of numerous protien fibers that form a matrix resembling a spiders web.

Front 56

Pia Mater

Back 56

The deepest of the menigeal layers and also the thinnest. This clings to the outer surface of the cerebral cortex.

Front 57

Meningitis

Back 57

Infection or inflamation of the meninges

Front 58

Choroid Plexus

Back 58

Forms the capillary networks, which are located within 4 brain cavities known as the ventricles

Front 59

Interventricular Foramen

Back 59

The channel segment between the lateral ventricle and third ventricle

Front 60

Hydrocephalus

Back 60

When cerebrospinal fluid accumulates and puts damaging pressure on the brain.

Front 61

Mixed Nerves

Back 61

Contain sensory and motor neurons

Front 62

Spinal Relfexes

Back 62

simple neural pathways that bypass the brain

Front 63

Foramen Magnum

Back 63

Extends though the vertebral canal and goes between vertebrae L1 and L2

Front 64

Epidural Space

Back 64

A narrow space filled with fat, the provides cusioning in case of sudden movements

Front 65

Cauda Equina

Back 65

Nerves arising from th inferior portion of the spinal cord that extend downard