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69 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Gray matter contains...
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contains cell bodies, dendrites, unmyelinated axons & neuroglia
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What is purpose of gray matter?
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site of synaptic contact between neurons
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nuclei
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clusters of nerve cell bodies
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White matter contains...
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contains myelinated axon
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what are tracts?
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bundles of myelinated axons
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4 regions of the brain?
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brainstem, cerebellum, diencephalon, cerebrum
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What are meninges?
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fibrous ct coverings that enclose brain & spinal cord
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what is dura mater?
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outermost meninx of dense irregular ct & lines cranial cavity & surrounds spinal cord
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What is epidural space?
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between dura mater & wall of vertebral canal, fulled with blood cells, adipose tissue & loose ct
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where is cranial dura mater?
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lies tightly against cranial bones
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what is Arachnoid mater?
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middle meninx composed of delicate collagen fibers & some elastic fibers
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what is subdural space?
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fluid filled, seperates arachnoid mater from dura mater
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what is pia mater?
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thin layer of transparent collagen & elastic fibers that adheres to spinal cord & brain
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subarachnoid space
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filled with CSF
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What do choroid plexuses do?
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secrete CSF
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What is CSF?
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clear, colorless liquid with proteins, glusose, urea, salts & various ions serving several purposes
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3 functions of CSF?
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1)allows brain to float in cavity
2)shock absorber 3)medium for exchanging nutrients & wastes |
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what is the circulation route of CSF?
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circulates through ventricles, central canal & subarachcnoid space whre it is reabsorbed back into blood
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what is hydrocephalus?
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can be caused by any obstruction or inflammation of the brain that interferes w/ circulation of CSF
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what is the medulla oblongata?
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continuation of spinal cord forming inferior part of brainstem
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What are motor tracts?
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connect brain to spinal cord
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What is decussation?
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left pyramid controls right side of body & vice versa
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what are olives?
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oval swellings that have nuclei that relay sensory info from brain and or spinal cord to cerebellum
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what has control centers vital to homeostasis
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medulla oblongata
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where is the pons?
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directly superior to medulla & anterior to cerebellum
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how is the pons organized?
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has tracts & nuclei that connect brain w/ spinal cord & parts of brain with each other
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what does the pons control?
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respiration, equilibrium, posture, taste, swallowing, hearing
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where is the midbrain
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extends from pons to lower portion of diencephalon
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what are cerebral peduncles?
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help anchor cerebrum to brainstem
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what is the function of cerebral peduncles?
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tracts carry motor signals to medulla oblongata
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what is the red nucleus
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in midbrain
connects w/ cerebellum to permit fine motor control |
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what does the substantia nigra do
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controls subconcious muscle actions
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what happens with the degeneration of neurons?
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leads to tremors of Parkinson's disease
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What is the tectum
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posterior portion of midbrain
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what is corpora quadrigemina?
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protrudes from midbrain's roof
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what are the superior colliculi
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erve as reflex centers for movements of head, neck, & eyeballs in response to visual stimuli
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what are inferior colliculi
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serve as reflex centers for movements of head in response to auditory stimuli
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where is the cerebellum located?
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occupies inferior & posterior region of cranial cavity
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how is the cerebellum organized?
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right & left cerebral hemispheres connected by a medial vermis
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what is arbor vitae?
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deep tree-like mass of white matter in cerebellum
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what is the surface of the cerebellum like?
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consists of leaf like ridges of gray matter called folia
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what does the inferior peduncle do?
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connects medulla oblongata w/ cerebellum
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what does the middle peduncle do?
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carry signals from pons to cerebellum
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what do the superior peduncles do?
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carry motor signals out of cerebellum
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what are the two functions of the cerebellum
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1) coordinates subconcious movements of skeletal muscle
2)recieves sensory info about position of body parts to maintain control |
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What is an Electroencephalogram (EEG)?
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provides record of brainwaves when brain cells generate considerable elecrical activity as a result of nerve cell transmission
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what are alpha waves?
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occur in individuals when awake & resting w/ closed eyes
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When do alpha waves disappear?
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when a person is mentally disengaged or asleep
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what are beta waves?
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present when a person is alert & mentally active
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what are theta waves?
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occur in children or sleeping adults
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what do theta waves in awake adults indicate?
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emotional stress or brain disorders
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what are delta waves?
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present in alert infats & sleeping adults
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What do delta waves in awake adults indicate?
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serious brain damage
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what is sleep?
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a state of temporary unconciousness from which an individual can be aroused
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what controls sleep?
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nuclei in hypothalamus & brainstem
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What is stage 1 of REM?
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transition between wakefulnes & sleep when we relax & let mind wander
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what is stage 2 of REM?
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"light sleep" characterized by brain waves called sleep spindles & harder to awaken
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what is stage 3 of REM?
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"moderate sleep" when body temp, BP, pulse & breathing rate decrease
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what is stage 4 of REM?
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deep sleep where muscles are very relaxed
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how many episodes of REM occur in a night?
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3-5
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why does dreaming occur during REM?
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brian may organize and/or strengthen memories or get rid of unwanted memories
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what is the anatomy of the spinal cord?
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slender cylindrical column extending from medulla oblongata through foramen magnum into vertebral canal to second lumbar vertebra
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what are the two enlargements of the spinal cord
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1) cervical
2) lumbar |
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what happens to the spinal cord below the lumbar enlargement?
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cord tapers to form medullary cone which is anchored to base of spine by fibrous CT
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what is the cauda equina?
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formed by spinal nerves tha arise from lower part of spinal cord
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hows is the spinal cord seperated?
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anterior median fissure & posterior median sulcus
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what is the central canal?
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runs the length of the spinal cord & is filled w/ CSF
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What do the ascending tracts of the spinal cord do?
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carry sensory signals from peripheral receptors up spinal cord to brain
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what do the decending tracts of the spinal cord do?
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carry motor signal from brainstem down spinal cord to skeletal musscles in periphery
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