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50 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Where does plant cell division take place?
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Along the cell plate.
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What shape is the DNA in a bacteria and how many strands are there?
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One strand in a ring shape
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What is binary fission?
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Division of prokaryotic cells into two separate clone cells.
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What is cancer?
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Cancer is a group of cells that is damaged so that the cells undergo uncontrollable mitosis and becomes undifferentiated.
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What type of cell is naturally undifferentiated?
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zygote
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What is meiosis?
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Reduction division--number of chromosomes in a cell is cut in half.
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What are haploid cells? Examples:
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cell has half the number of chromosomes in a normal cell. Gametes: sperm and egg are haploid
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what is a zygote?
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gametes combined=2n. Creates diploid cell.
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what is the diploid number in humans?
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46--23 pairs of chromosomes
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what is a gene?
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section of DNA that codes for a protein
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homologous Chromosomes (pairs)
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pair of DNA strands
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During what stage of meiosis are there homologous pairs?
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During meiosis 1
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what is the purpose of mitosis?
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Production of cells for growth and repair
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what is the purpose of meiosis?
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Productions of gametes
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How many cells are created by mitosis?
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2 daughter cells
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How many cells are created by meiosis?
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4 daughter cells, all haploid
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what is genetic variability?
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one gamete has half the chromosomes, the other gamete has the other half--the combination of the two creates a genetically different organism from original gametes
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crossing over
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homologous pairs sometimes cross over one another during meiosis 1 and reattach incorrectly
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True or false? Homologous pairs line up independent of one another.
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True. Called Independent Assortment
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Calculate the probability of genetic variablity: 2 to the 3rd
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8 possibilities--2 is the pair and the 3 is the number of pairs-- 2*2*2=8
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How much are you related to your brothers and sisters? To your parents?
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50% for both
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How much are you related to your cousins? To your aunts and uncles?
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25%
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Who discovered Mendelian Genetics?
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Mendel using pea plants
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What are Mendelian Genetics?
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Rules discovered that are associated with genetic variablity.
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What is an allele?
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gene variations--there are 2 alleles for each gene
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What is a phenotype
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expression of the alleles
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What is a genotype?
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what alleles are present
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What is a monohybrid cross?
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deals with the allele combinations of one particular gene
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How would you find a missing allele in a monohybrid cross??
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Use a test cross--homozygous recessive
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What is a dihybrid cross?
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deals with the allele combinations of two genes at the same time
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When does the phenotypic ratio equal the genotypic ratio?
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When there is incomplete dominance.
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What is codominance?
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When 2 alleles are dominant to one recessive such as in blood types.
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What is polygenic inheritance?
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Traits that are controlled by more than one gene
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what are the variations of polygenic inheritance called?
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gradients
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What are genes affected by?
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Environment effects such as temperature and UV radiation
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What is a recessive disorder?
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A disorder which only occurs when both genes for he disorder are recessive.
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What is an example of a recessive disorder?
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cystic fibrosis--autosomal recessive disorder (autosomal means cells that are not gametes)
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What is a autosomal dominate disorder and how many of the offspring would have the disorder if two people who had it were to mate?
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disorder which presents itself on the dominant gene--75% of offspring will have the disorder. 25% will be completely normal
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What are the sex chromosomes typically represented by?
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X and Y
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True or false? The Y chromosome is missing DNA so no allele for sex-linked traits can be attached to it.
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True. This is why it is said the chromosome is missing DNA. Missing the place where the sex-linked trait allele would be placed.
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What is an example of a sex-linked trait?
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Color blindness and hemophilia
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What is a nondisjunction?
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mistake in meiosis where chromatids went to only one side instead of to both sides.
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What is monosomy?
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normal sperm fertilizes empty egg (1 strand DNA)
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what is trisomy?
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normal sperm fertilizes disjunction (3 strands DNA)
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How many defective gametes are created if disjunction occurs during meiosis 1? Meiosis 2?
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Meiosis 1= 2 defective gametes
Meiosis 2= 4 defective gametes |
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what is a deletion?
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a piece of the DNA sequence is destroyed
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What is a translocation?
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Two different chromosomes swap DNA
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What is a duplication?
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a second copy of the same DNA sequence is made within the DNA chain
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What is an inversion?
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Genes within a DNA sequence are flip-flopped.
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What causes DNA mutations?
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Too much alcohol, hazardous chemicals, high UV levels, radiation exposure
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