Cc Exam 4 Test Prep 2

Front 1

What is work of breathing? It is the effort required to maintain a given level of ventilation. What is compliance? A measure of the distensibility for stretchability of the chest wall.

Back 1

What are various conditions that affect the stretchability of the chest wall? Pulmonary fibrosis, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and pulmonary edema. These all lead to low pulmonary compliance. The work of breathing must increase in order to create negative pressure to inflate the lungs

Front 2

What is resistance? It is the opposition to the flow of gases in the airway. Things like airway lanes, airway diameter and the flow rate of gases affect airway resistance. Resistance increases when the airway is Lang send or narrowed.

Back 2

Airway resistance is increased with and artificial airway, or when the natural airway is narrowed by spasm or bronchoconstriction, the presence of mucus or edema. So when gas flow is increased resistance increases as with increased breathing effort or when a patient requires mechanical ventilation.

Front 3

Breathing pattern: Cheyne-Stokes are respiration that gradually increase in depth than become more shallow followed by a period of apnea. Biot’s is a highly irregular breathing pattern with abrupt pauses in between.

Back 3

Kuszmaul respirations are fast and deep without causes. Apneustic respiration are prolonged gas pain followed by extremely short and in efficient expiration.

Front 4

Arterial blood gases reflect oxygenation, adequacy of gas exchange and acid-base status.

Back 4

97% of oxygen in the blood attaches to hemoglobin 3% is dissolved in plasma. Normal PaO2 is 80 to 100. Decreased oxygenation of arterial blood is called hypoxemia.

Front 5

Signs of hypoxemia: the skin will appear pale cool and dry. In the late stages cyanosis and diaphoresis are noted. The patient will have dyspnea and tachypnea and use accessory muscle.

Back 5

Watch for tachycardia, guess arrhythmias, chest pain, hypertension followed by hypotension, increased heart rate in the early stages followed by decreased heart rate. The patient will also be anxious restless confused pretty combative, leading to a coma

Front 6

The normal pH level of the blood should be 7.35 to 7.45 The patient is acidotic if the pH level falls below 7.35 and the patient is alkalotic if the pH rises above 7.45.

Back 6

Partial pressure of arterial carbon dioxide is also referred to as PACO2 and this is carbon dioxide dissolved in arterial plasma. Normal range is 35 to 45. The patient is in respiratory alkalosis if levels fall below 35 and respiratory acidosis if levels are greater than 45.

Hint 6

Partial pressure of arterial carbon dioxide is also referred to as PACO2 and this is carbon dioxide dissolved in arterial plasma. Normal range is 35 to 45. The patient is in respiratory alkalosis if levels fall below 35 and respiratory acidosis if levels are greater than 45.

Front 7

sodium bicarbonate is a base, a substance that neutralizes or buffers acids and it’s regulated by the kidneys. Normal range is 22 to 26. Levels greater than 26 indicate metabolic acidosis, levels less than 20 to indicate metabolic acidosis.

Back 7

The sodium bicarbonate buffering system uses the longs to regulate carbon dioxide and the kidneys to regulate sodium bicarbonate.

Front 8

What does compensation mean as it relates to arterial blood gas?

Back 8

It is a mechanism that normalize is the pH of the blood when an acid-base imbalance occurs. So the kidneys can attempt to compensate for respiratory abnormalities where is the lungs will tend to compensate for metabolic problems.

Front 9

How do the lungs compensate for metabolic acid-base abnormalities? And example is in metabolic acidosis the depth and rate of ventilation are increased in an effort to blow off carbon dioxide and acid in the reverse if the patient is in metabolic alkalosis the rate and depth of respiration may decrease in an effort to retain acids.

Back 9

How do the kidneys compensate for acid-base imbalance is? Well in respiratory acidosis the kidneys will excrete bicarbonate when respiratory alkalosis is present and it will retain bicarbonate when the respiratory acidosis is present.