Carl Rogers

Front 1

BIO

Back 1

-born in a chicago suburb, Oak Park

-was the 4th of 6 children

-father was civil engineer and contractor

-conservative, protestant christian family

-family moved to farm

-->became interested in science

-had a tendency toward solitude

-interested in english and science

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schooling

Back 2

attended...

-wisconsin university/ studying agriculture

--> changed major to history

-Union Theological Seminary

-Columbia University/clinical and educational psychology

Front 3

Was rogers active in church?

Back 3

yes

Front 4

which psychologist was Rogers influenced by?

Back 4

Alfred Adler

Front 5

what was roger's first book called?

other books?

Back 5

The Clinical Treatment of the Problem Child

-followed by Counseling and Psychotherapy: Newer Concepts in Practice

-Client-Centered Therapy: Its Current Practice, Implications, and Theory

Front 6

What awards did he receive?

Back 6

-president of the American Association for Applied Psychology, the American Psychological Association, and of the APA's Division of Clinical and Abnormal Psychology

-->president of newly formed American Academy of Psychotherapists

-received the first Distinguished Scientific Contribution Award from the APA

-received the first Distinguished Professional Contribution Award from the APA

-named humanist of the year (1964)

-lifetime achievement award by the American Assoc of Counseling and Development

-nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize

Front 7

Rogers was ranked first as the...

Back 7

person who most influenced profession practice in counseling, therapy, social work, and psychology

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Where does evil originate if it isn't from human nature?

Back 8

from fear and defensiveness

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the driving force in everyone's life...

Back 9

the actualizing tendency

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the actualizing tendency causes a person to become...

Back 10

-more differentiated (complex)

-independent

-socially responsible

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evaluation of one's experiences

Back 11

organismic valuing process

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T/F: Rogers was a phenomenologist

Back 12

true

Front 13

How are Rogers and Kelly the same?

Back 13

both stressed the individual's singular, subjective interpretation of experience, and that is why they both are labeled phenomenologist

Front 14

how are Rogers and Kelly different?

Back 14

Rogers belief in the actualizing tendency

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experience

Back 15

what is going on within the organism's environment at any given moment that is potentially available to awareness

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the development of the self

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-a major manifestation of the actualizing tendency

-->inclines the organism toward greater differentiation and complexity

-experiences viewed as enhancing one's self-concept= positively valued

-experiences viewed as detrimental to the self-concept= negatively valued

Front 17

what was universal but not necessarily innate?

Back 17

need for positive regard

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positive regard

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-receiving warmth, love sympathy, care, respect, and acceptance

-from relevant people in one's life

-feeling of being prized by those people who are important to us

-given from parents, for example, when the child behaves as the parent wishes

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conditions of worth

Back 19

specify the circumstances under which children will receive positive regard

-once recognized, may become a conscience, or superego, guiding the children's behavior even when the parents are not present

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what comes from the need of positive regard?

Back 20

need for self regard

Front 21

children develop the need to view themselves positively

Back 21

need for self regard

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need for self regard

Back 22

-children develop the need to view themselves positively

-children want others to feel good about them and then they want to feel good about themselves

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the only way NOT to interfere with children's actualizing tendencies is to give them...?

Back 23

unconditional positive regard

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unconditional positive regard

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-disciplining a child, for example, but letting them know that they will always be loved

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incongruency

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-exists when people no longer use their organismic calling process as a means of determining if their experiences are in accordance with their actualizing tendency

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introjected values

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-conditions of worth have replaced their organismic calling process as the dream of reference for evaluating their experiences

-results in alienation between the self and experiences

-->under these circumstances, what may be truly satisfying to the person may be denied awareness because it is not in accordance with the person's introjected conditions of worth

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the cause of all human adjustment problems results from

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incongruence

**eliminating incongruence will solve these problems

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when incongruency exists between self and experience the person is...

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maladjusted and is vulnerable to anxiety and threat and therefore is defensive

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anxiety results when...

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people subceive an experience as being incompatible with their self- structure and its introjected conditions of worth

-experience when an even is encountered that threatens the existing self structure

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subception

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the detection of an experience before it enters full awareness

-a threatening event can be denied or distorted before it causes anxiety

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the process of defense

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consists of editing experiences using the mechanisms of denial and distortion

-keeps them in accordance with the self structure

-is NOT denied symbolization because it is "naughty" or "sinful"

-it is denied symbolization because it is contrary to the self structure

Front 32

how did rogers first refer to his approach to therapy?

Back 32

as nondirective therapy

-emphasized clients' ability to solve their own problems if they were given the proper atmosphere for doing to

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How did roger refer to his approach to therapy (second time)

Back 33

labeled his technique, client-centered therapy

-a joint venture deeply involving both client and therapist

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therapist job in the non directive therapy approach was:

Back 34

providing an atmosphere in which clients could gradually comprehend the nature of their problems

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therapist job in the client centered therapy approach was:

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to attempt actively to understand the client's phenomenological field or internal frame of reference

Front 36

what was the stage after internal frame of reference?

Back 36

experiential stage

Front 37

what is experiential stage?

Back 37

the therapist became as free as the client

-deep feelings from client and the therapist were equally important

-process was regarded as a struggle to put these feelings into words

Front 38

what was the last stage in Rogers' thinking?

Back 38

person centered stage

Front 39

what is the person centered stage?

Back 39

-theory extended to many areas beyond the therapeutic process

-emphasis on the total person instead of looking at an individual in terms of some specific role

Front 40

list the six conditions that roger thought were necessary for effective therapy.

Back 40

1. the client and the therapist must be in psychological contact

2.the client must be in the state of incongruence,

-vulnerable or anxious

3. therapist must be in a state of congruency in relation to client

4. therapist must give the client unconditional positive regard

5. therapist must seek an empathic understanding of the client's internal frame of reference

6. client must perceive the fact that the therapist is giving him or her unconditional positive regard

-and attempting to understand empathetically their internal frame of reference

Front 41

what changes would occur if the 6 conditions were met?

Back 41

1.clients express feelings with increased freedom

2.clients become accurate in description of their experiences and events around them

3. clients begin to detect incongruity between their concept of self and certain experiences

4. clients feel threatened as incongruity is experienced, but the unconditional positive regard of the therapist allows them to go on experiencing incongruency without necessity of distorting or denying them

5.clients are able to symbolize accurately and be aware of feelings which in the past had been denied or distorted

6.clients concepts of self become reorganized and thus are able to include those experiences which had prev. been denied awareness

7. clients concepts of self become increasingly congruent with experience

-feels less threatened by experiences and becomes less defensive

8.clients are able to accept therapists unconditional positive regard

9. clients feel unconditional positive self regard

10.therapy is successful if clients experiences are evaluated in terms of their organismic valuing process and not in terms of worth

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therapy is designed to...

Back 42

eliminate incongruity between experience and the self

Front 43

what stage of life is the fully functioning person like?

Back 43

infancy

Front 44

for growth to occur in a relationship, unconditional positive regard must be present. What are the elects to such conditions?

Back 44

-genuineness, realness, congruence

-acceptance, or caring, or prizing

-empathic understanding.... sensitive, a active listening

Front 45

what does empathy mean, according to Rogers

Back 45

temporarily living in the other's life, moving about in it delicately without making judgments

-active

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if one is living in accordance with their organismic valuing process, what characteristics do they possess?

Back 46

1. open to experience-no defenseness

2. self structures are congruent with experiences

3. will evaluate experiences instead of conditions of worth

4. experience unconditional self regard

5. meet each new experience with honest spontaneity instead of preconception what what experiences should mean

-->existential living

6. lives in harmony with others because of rewarding nature of reciprocal unconditional positive regard

7. experience subjective freedom

8. experience creativity

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q-sort technique

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used to measure the growth of a client

-real self

-ideal self

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real self

Back 48

when a client may describe self accurately

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ideal self

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the person can describe those attributes that they would like to possess but currently do not

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procedure of administering q-sort technique

Back 50

1. client is given 100 cards containing statements about how they feel

2.client self sorts; places cards in 9 piles arranged to reflect statements that are most like the client; arranged from most alike to least alike the client

3. client sorts cards again; ideal sort

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self sort

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choosing the cards and statements that the client sees them most similar to

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ideal self

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choosing the cards and statements that the client wishes to be most like

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rogers was the first therapist to...

Back 53

-measure the effectiveness of therapy

-film his session

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T/F: Rogers believed in the innate goodness of a person

Back 54

true

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What was the biggest difference between Skinner and Rogers?

Back 55

cultural engineering-skinner believed behavioral principles should be used in designing a culture more efficiently satisfied human needs

-Rogers proposed a model of humans that emphasizes their actualizing tendency and creative powers

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what was important for learning?

Back 56

1. knowing we have natural potential to learn

2.relevance of subject

3. change in self structure

4. external threats are minimal

5. experience is perceived in great detail

6. through doing/actions/moving

7. student participates responsibly

8.self initiated learning is long lasting learning

9. independence and creativity is primary, evaluation of others is secondary

10. learning to learn is most important

Front 57

the term "teacher"

Back 57

-unpleasant

-suggests a person who dispenses info to students

it should, however...

-emphasize the person is there to create an atmosphere conducive to learning

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facilitator of education

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acts on the principles of learning, and treats each student as unique person with feelings of their own, rather than an object to be taught something

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why is marriage in trouble according to rogers?

Back 59

-because marriages are too based on outdated, simplistic, fallacious, or selfish assumptions

ex//couples believe that being in love or being committed to each other is enough to sustain the marriage

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how does marriage work?

Back 60

must be egalitarian, enriching, and satisfying for both partners

-both partners continue to grow

-mutually beneficial for each

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satellite relationships

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close secondary relationship outside the marriage which may or may not involve sexual intercourse, but which is valued for itself

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what is a "new person"?

Back 62

-one who has many of the characteristics of a fully functioning person

-humanistically oriented

-NOT technologically oriented

Front 63

what are the characteristics of a person of tomorrow?

Back 63

1. opens of inner and outer experiences

2. desire for authenticity

3. skepticism towards the kid of sciences and technology that has its goal as controlling nature and/or people

4. desire for wholeness

5. wish for shared purpose in life or intimacy

6. tendency to embrace change and risk taking with enthusiasm

7. gentle, subtle, nonmoralistic, nonjudgmental caring

8. feeling of closeness to and caring for nature

9. antipathy for highly structured, inflexible, bureaucratic institutions

10. tendency to follow authority of own organismic valuing process

11. indifference of material comforts and rewards

12. desire to seek meaning in life that is greater than individual

-->yearning for spiritual

Front 64

T/F: Rogers theory was supported by empirical research

Back 64

T

Front 65

Why was rogers theory criticized?

Back 65

for portraying an overly simplistic and optimistic view of humans

-not giving proper credit to other theories on which his is based

-and ignoring important aspects of personality

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why was rogers theory praised?

Back 66

for promoting a positive view of humans, as opposed to the negative views of behaviorism and psychoanalysis

Front 67

innate tendency in all humans to maintain and enhance themselves

Back 67

actualizing tendency

Front 68

results when a person perceives or subceives an experience as being incompatible with his or her self structure and its introjects conditions of worth

Back 68

anxiety

Front 69

characterizes the events in one's experience that have been symbolized and therefore have entered consciousness

Back 69

awareness

Front 70

description of rogers's second approach to therapy in which the therapist makes an active effort to understand the client's subjective reality

Back 70

client centered therapy

Front 71

conditions under which an incongruent person will experience positive regard

Back 71

conditions of worth

Front 72

effort to change a threatening experience through distortion or denial

Back 72

defense

Front 73

refusal to allow threatening experiences to enter awareness

Back 73

denial

Front 74

modification of a threatening experience so it is no longer threatening

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distortion

Front 75

all the events of which a person could be aware at any given moment

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experience

Front 76

third stage in the evolution of roger's approach to therapy in which the feelings of the therapist become as important as the feelings of the client

Back 76

experiential stage

Front 77

term that rogers thought was better than teacher because it suggests someone is helpful and uncritical and who will provide the freedom that is necessary for learning to take place

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facilitator of education

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person whose locus of evaluation is his or her own organismic valuing process rather than internalized conditions of worth

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fully functioning person

Front 79

client's description of how he or she would like to be

Back 79

ideal self

Front 80

statements chosen by a client as best describing the person he or she would most like to be

-part of the q sorting technique

Back 80

ideal sort

Front 81

exists when a person is no longer using the organismic valuing process as a means of evaluation experiences. the person, under theses conditions, is no longer acting honestly toward his or her self experiences

Back 81

incongruency

Front 82

subjective reality, or phenomenological field, according to which a person lives his or her life

Back 82

internal frame of reference

Front 83

conditions of worth that are internalized and become basis for one's self regard

Back 83

introjected values

Front 84

need to receive warmth, sympathy, care, respect, and acceptance form the relevant people in one's life

Back 84

need for positive regard

Front 85

need a person develops to feel positively about himself

Back 85

need for self regard

Front 86

description of rogers first approach to therapy in which the emphasis was on the clients ability to solve his or her problems

Back 86

nondirective therapy

Front 87

one of the chief characteristics of fully functioning person

Back 87

openness to experience

Front 88

frame of reference that allows an individual to know if his experiences are in accordance with his or her actualizing tendency. those experiences that maintain or enhance the person are in accordance with this process, others are not

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organismic valuing process

Front 89

final stage in rogers thinking in which the emphasis was on understanding the total person, not on understanding the person merely as a client

Back 89

person centered stage

Front 90

that portion of experience of which an individual is aware. it is this reality, thatcher than physical reality, that directs a person's behavior

Back 90

phenomenological field

Front 91

persons private, subjective perception or interpretation of objective reality

Back 91

phenomenological reality

Front 92

to rogers, an experience designed to help an incongruent person become congruent

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psychotherapy

Front 93

method rogers used to determine how a clients self image changed as a function of therapy

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q sort technique

Front 94

clients description of how he or she currently views him or herself

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real self

Front 95

debate held in 1955 btw rogers and skinner over how best to use the principles discovered by behavioral sciences

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rogers skinner debate

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close relationship with individuals other than ones spouse

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satellite relationships

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that portion of the phenomenological field that becomes differentiated because of experiences involving terms such as I, me, and mine

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self

Front 98

statements chosen by a client as best describing the person as he or she actually is at the moment

-part of q sort technique

Back 98

self sort

Front 99

detection of an experience before it enters full awareness

Back 99

subception

Front 100

process by which an event enters an individuals awareness

Back 100

symbolization

Front 101

term that rogers believed was unfortunate because it connotes an authoritarian figure who dispenses info to passive students

Back 101

teacher

Front 102

anything that is thought to be incompatible with ones self structs

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threat

Front 103

experience of positive regard without conditions of with. in other words, positive regard is not contingent on certain acts or thoughts

Back 103

unconditional postive regard