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64 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Hematology |
the study of blood |
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The Function of Blood |
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The components of Blood |
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Red Blood Cells (RBC or Erythrocytes) |
bi-concave disks filled with hemoglobin transporter of gasses |
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Reticulocytes |
baby red blood cells, made in bone marrow |
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Platelets |
clotting factor in blood |
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White Blood Cells (WBC or Leukocytes) |
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Band Neutrophil |
Consistent, even width along the nucleus New or young cell |
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Segmented Neutrophil |
Nucleus is lobulated or has inconsistent shape Denotes older cell. Nucleus starts to breakdown |
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Eosinophil |
Easy to confuse with Neutrophils. Nucleus is lobulated or segmented. However, usually wider and segmented in half. |
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Basophil |
Blue dots in the cytoplasm. Large nucleus takes up most of the cell |
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Lymphocyte |
Clerish cytoplasm. May stain a very light pink/purplish color. Large round nucleus in the center.
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Monocyte |
Clearish cytoplasm. May stain light colors. Large nucleus in the center. May be a "fat horseshoe" shape. |
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Plasma |
Consists of all the non-cellular fluid, large molecules and proteins. Fluid medium that RBC & WBC are carried around the body in. Lavender/purple toped tubes: keep blood liquid |
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Serum
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Plasma without the clotting factor. Consists of non-cellular fluid, and small molecules like potassium, calcium, sodium, etc. Used for chemistry profile. Placed in red/tiger toped tubes |
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Blood typing in dogs |
8 different types with A- (DEA 1.1) being the universal donor and A+ (DEA 1.2) being the second most common type |
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Blood typing in cats |
3 groups: type A (most common) Type B (usually purebreds) Type AB (universal donor) Must be carful with matching your blood types. A mismatch in cats can and will result in death. |
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Anemia |
low # of circulating mature RBC or los quality/quantity of hemoglobin |
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Hemolysis |
destruction of blood cells (specifically RBC) |
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Hemostasis |
clotting of blood, stopping blood flow |
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Icterus |
liver issues. Blood sample is yellow/orange in color. Also called Jaundice |
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Leukemia |
ineffective WBC's. No immunity |
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Leukopenia |
decreased WBC count |
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Leukocytosis |
increased WBC count. Usually due to infection |
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Lipemia |
excess fat in the blood. Gives milky, cloudy appearance to samples |
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Thrombus |
a blood clot |
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Thrombocytosis |
increased clotting factors in circulating blood |
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Thrombocytopenia |
decreased clotting factors |
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Von Willebrand's Disease |
Hemophilia in dogs. Know as Congenital Disease in certain breeds of dogs. Like Doberman Pinchers. Characterized by deficiency in manufacturing and circulation of a certain clotting cell in the blood. Diagnosed with coagulation blood tests. |
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Avians and Reptiles |
have oval shaped RBC's with mature cells containing a nucleus and Heterophils instead of Neutrophils. Same function, different morphology. |
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Veins and arteries to know |
Aorta, Carotid Artery, Brachial Artery, Femoral Artery, Visceral Arteries, Coccygeal Artery, Vena Cava, Jugular Vein, Cephalic Vein, Femoral Vein, Medial Saphenous Vein, Marginal Ear Vein
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Arteries to know |
Carotid Artery, behind jugular Brachial Arteries, left and right Femoral Artery, best place to feel a pulse on dogs and cats Visceral Arteries, all 3 Coccygeal Artery, good place for taking pulses on cattle |
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Veins to know |
Jugular Vein, best vein for drawing blood from companion animals Cephalic Vein, excellent vein for inserting an IV Catheter Femoral Vein, excellent spot for drawing small amounts of blood from cats Medial Saphenous Vein, 2nd best spot for IV Catheters (this spot will cause pain) Marginal Ear Vein, great for blood draws on rabbits and pigs) |
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Conduction system of the heart |
Sino-artial Node: pacemaker of the heart Atrioventricular Node: Middle of the heart Bundle of His: Under AV node Perkinje Fibers: Depolarization: state of rest |
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EKG/ECG wave |
SA node: 1st to fire and set things in motion. P wave AV node: the AV valves opening causing blood to spill into the ventricles. P-R wave Purkinje Fibers: charging up in the Ventricular muscles in preparation for the contraction of the bundles. QRS wave Depolarization: electrical wave has passed and system is in related and charging again. T wave |
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Heart Block |
something not working in electrical system of the heart, elongated sections of waves |
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Blood Pressure |
read as Systolic/Diastolic (or systolic over diastolic) |
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Systole |
starts when ventricle begins to fill and pressure closes AV valve. Ends when ventricle is so full that Pulmonary and Aortic valves forced open |
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Diastole |
heart muscles relaxed and the Atria are filling |
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The cuff is placed on |
the front leg (Cephalic Vein) or rear leg (Femoral Artery) |
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Pulse is read by |
a machine or manual Doppler, most clinics have an automatic machine |
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Heart Sounds |
made by the closure of the valves Right and Left valves open and close in synchronicity. 1st sound (lub): closure of the Atrioventricular valves on both sides of the heart 2nd sound (dub): closure of the Aortic and Pulmonary Valves |
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Why would horses sound like they have 3 heart beats? |
because of the size of their hearts you may hear the splashing of blood going into the large left Ventricle. (freaky yet true!) |
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Arrhythmia |
abnormal rate of muscle contractions in the heart |
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Arterlosclerosis |
various disorders of arteries |
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Bradycardia |
slow heart rate |
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Cardiomegaly |
enlargement of the heart |
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Cardiomyopathy |
heart muscle disease |
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Epistaxis |
nose bleed |
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hypertension |
increase in arterial blood pressure |
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Hypotension |
decrease in arterial blood pressure |
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Hypovolemia |
low volume of fluid/blood in the blood vessels |
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Infarction |
clinical term for Heart Attack |
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Pericarditis |
inflammation of the sac around the heart |
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Phlebitis |
Inflammation of the vein |
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Tachycardia |
cast heart rate |
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Thrombosis |
blood clot |
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Vasoconstriction |
constriction or narrowing of the blood vessels |
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Vasodilation |
dilating or expansion of the blood vessels |
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Lymphatic System |
series of glands, vessels, cells and fluid Fluid is called Lymph. |
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Normal Hematological Values for Canines |
RBC's (per microliter of blood): 6-9 million WBC's (per uL blood): 6-15 thousand PCV: 38-55% Hgb (grams/deciliter blood): 12-18 Total Protein (grams/deciliter): 5.4-7.7 Segmented Neutrophils: 60-75% Band Neutrophils: 0-4% Eosinophils: 2-10% Basophils: 0-0.5% Lymphocytes: 12-30% Monocytes: 3-9% Reticulocytes: 0-2% |
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Normal Hematological Values for Felines
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RBC's (per microliter of blood): 5-10 million WBC's (per uL blood):5-19 thousand PCV: 30-45% Hgb (grams/deciliter blood): 10-15 Total Protein (grams/deciliter): 5.7-7.6 Segmented Neutrophils: 35-75% Band Neutrophils: 0-2% Eosinophils: 2-10% Basophils: 0-0.5% Lymphocytes: 20-55% Monocytes: 1-4% Reticulocytes: 0-1% |
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Normal Hematological Values for Horses |
RBC's (per microliter of blood): 6-13 million
WBC's (per uL blood): 5-13 thousand PCV: 32-57% Hgb (grams/deciliter blood): 11-18 Total Protein (grams/deciliter): 5.4-7.9 Segmented Neutrophils: 35-75% Band Neutrophils: 0-2% Eosinophils: 1-10% Basophils: 0-3% Lymphocytes: 20-60% Monocytes: 0-10% Reticulocytes: 0 |
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Normal Hematological Values for Cattle |
RBC's (per microliter of blood): 5-8 million
WBC's (per uL blood): 4-12 thousand PCV: 26-42% Hgb (grams/deciliter blood): 8-14 Total Protein (grams/deciliter): 6.0-7.5 Segmented Neutrophils: 15-45% Band Neutrophils: 0-1% Eosinophils: 2-15% Basophils: 0-2% Lymphocytes: 27-50% Monocytes: 2-7% Reticulocytes: 0 |
