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260 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
What are the physiological roles of the blood
1) gas transport
2) nutrient transport
3) waste removal - transport
4) temperature regulation
5) infection - immunological defense
6) protection from disease and fluid loss
What % body weight is blood?
8% of total body weight
Blood volume
for Males / Females
5-6 L in males (average)
4-5 L in females (average)
What are the components of Blood
55% plasma
45% formed elements
Blood Plasma is what % water?
0ver 90% water!
where are Plasma Proteins created?
The Liver..... bout 7% of blood plasma circulating.
What makes up the highest % of plasma proteins?
Albumin!!!! it maintains blood osmotic pressure
What is the smallest % of blood plasma in circulation?
electrolytes, nutrients, hormones, gases, waste products
Albumin binds with lipid _______ hormones, free fatty acids, (what element?) and other substances which are somewhat (phobic or philic)?
soluble hormones
Ca+
hydrophobic
1/3 of Red Blood cell’s weight is ______
hemoglobin
Each hemoglobin molecule can carry ___ oxygen molecules from lungs to tissue cells
4
Where do Red Blood Cells originate from?
Red Bone Marrow
How long do RBCs live?>
120 days
Hematocrit: (definition)?
percentage of blood volume composed by RBCs
blood doping's fancy terminology
polycythemia
Anemia, RBC deficiency, has what symptoms?
decreased Erythropoiesis
increased destruction of RBCs
& hemoglobin
THUS can't carry gas as well.
Ratio of WBCs to RBCs
1 WBC for every 700 RBC
# of circulating RBCs, WBCs,and Platelets?
5 million red
5-10,000 white blood cells
Normal platelet 150,000-400,000/drop of blood
Platelet Activation
EXTRINSIC pathway is slow or quick? what is it involved with? Example of when it would be activated?
rapid response pathway
involves a trauma to blood vessels or extravascular tissues
what we commonly see in response to when we have a scratch on our skin and bleeding occurs
Intrinsic Pathway of Platelet Activation is slow/quick, involved with what? what is an example of it?
slower response pathway
involves a trauma to the blood itself or exposure of blood to collagen
what we typically associate with atherosclerotic plaque build-up, seen with hypertension
Which are “universal recipients"
AB
What are universal donors?
O
Treatment for Rh-/Rh+ mother/baby
Rhogam
What happens if not given Rhogam to a mother with Rh- and a chid Rh+
mother’s antibodies will attack babies blood and cause anemia
Passage through the heart
Superior Vena Cava
Right Atrium
Tricuspid Valve
Right Ventricle
Pulmonary Valve
Pulmonary Artery
Lungs
Pulmonary Vein
LEFT atrium
Mitral Valve
Left Ventricle
Aortic Valve
AORTA
BODY
arteries
arterioles
capillaries
blood RETURNS to Heart in VENULES
to Veins
to Right Atrium
What walls are thicker Right or Left Ventricle?
Left ventircle pumps blood into the BODY, right ventricle pumps blood into the LUNGS
What is the purpose of the coronary arteries?
Supplys oxygenated blood to the heart muscles

VERY IMPORTANT
Coronary Veins serve what purpose?
Collects Waste from cardiac muscle
ischemia may cause
Hypoxia, weakens myocardial cells, byproduct of an angina
occurs when ventricles are relaxed, chordae tendineae are slack and papillary muscles are relaxed
A-V valves open and allow blood to flow from atria into ventricles when ventricular pressure is lower than atrial pressure
A-V valves close preventing backflow of blood into atria
chordae tendinae are taut, papillary muscles contracted
Cardiac muscle has these features......
intercalated discs
gap junctions
involunary muscle
striated muscle
1 nucleus per cell
Conduction system of the heart
Sinoatrial (SA) node triggers Atrioventricular (AV) node triggers bundle of HIS down the right and left bundle branches to the PURKINJE fibers (bottommost part of the heart)
Pacemaker is also the _____ node
Sinoatrial (SA) node
conducts the heart
Action Potential in heart muscle fibers due to _________ization and inflow or ___+ to the cells
Depolarization and Na+
Repolarization occurs when __ + channels open and they flow OUT of the cells
K+
Sympathetics are post ganglionic nerves innervate the atria, ventricles and nodes and the neurotransmitter is _______________
norepinephrine
_____ channel- lower the threshold for depolarization so depolarization occurs faster.
Calcium
Parasympathetics: Vagus nerve branches and post-ganglionic fibers innervates the SA and AV nodes , the neurotransmitter is ___________ and the effect is a _______ in HR by inactivating the Ca channels, DON”T INNERVATE VENTRICLES
acetylcholine
decrease
Bradycardia <__#_ bpm
60
Tachycardia ># bpm
100
Atrial depolarization is during what part of an EKG
PR
Ventricular Depolarization is during what part of an EKG
QRS
Ventricular REPOLARIZATION is during what part of an EKG
T
Precordial Leads for a 6 lead
V1: right 4th intercostal space

V2: left 4th intercostal space

V3: halfway between V2 and V4

V4: left 5th intercostal space, mid-clavicular line

V5: horizontal to V4, anterior axillary line

V6: horizontal to V5, mid-axillary line
Atrial fibers depolarization and _____ wave appears
P wave
During P wave, the ___ contracts
Atria contracts
known as SYSTOLE
When the AP moves through the bundle branches,Purkinje fibers and ventricular myocardium the ________ is produced (EKG)
QRS
Repolarization of ventricles produces the ____ wave
T wave
ventricular relaxation
DIASTOLE
(repolarization of ventricles, T wave)
ST segment is typically ______________, however if it is ____________ it may indicate that the heart is damaged or not receiving enough blood
horizontal or flat
elevated or depressed
Elevated ST segment may = _________________________
acute myocardial infarction
depressed ST segment may = ________________
myocardial ischaemia or ventricular hypertrophy
Contraction of heart is
SYSTOLE
Relaxation of heart is
DIASTOLE
When this valve opens, blood is ejected from the heart to the Lungs and the the body
SL valve opens
As pressure decreased, blood fills into the atria during ___________
isovolumetric relaxation
When pressure increases in the atria, ____ valves open and ventricles fill with blood
AV valves open
This sound (_____): is created by blood turbulence associated with the closing of the atrioventricular valves soon after ventricular systole begins.
lubb
This sound (________): represents the closing of the semilunar valves close to the end of the ventricular systole.
Dupp
How much blood is in the ventricle during diastole
~130 ml
How much blood is in the ventricle at systole
~60 ml
What is the volume ejected per beat from each ventricle
~70 ml
Stroke Volume =
End Diastolic volume
-minus-
End Systole volume
Cardiac output =
Stroke volume X Heart Rate
Ejection Fraction (amount of blood ejected from ventricle after systole) =
Stroke Volume /End Diastolic Voume
___ = SV x HR
Q
Q is typically
75 ml/beat x 70 beat/min = 5.25 L/min

5-6 L/min
An athelete's Q (SV x HR) is usually higher or lower than a normal persons?
Higher
Blood pressure is
caused by contraction of the ventricles
Common BP is
120 mm Hg during systole & 80 during diastole
BP refers to pressure in ______
arteries
Pulse pressure is
the difference between systolic and diastolic pressure
Parasympathetics Do or don't innervate ventricles
Don't
sympathetics can increase/decrease both HR and contractility
increase
Contractatility
the forcefulness of contraction of the ventricle fibers
greater preload (stretch) on cardiac muscle fibers just before they contract, _______ force of contraction
increase
These mechanism help blood return from veins to heart
Muscle
respiratory pumps
During inhalation, diaphragm is ____
pushed down, more blood flows to heart when we inhale
Blood flows from areas of _____pressure to areas of _________pressure
higher to lower pressure
Resistance =
1/(diameter^4)

The smaller the diameter of the vessel, the greater resistance it offers to blood flow
Vasoconstriction
Decreased diameter, decreased Blow FLow
Increased Resistance, increased Blood Pressure
Vasodilation
Diameter increases, Blood flow increases, Resistance decreases, Blood pressure decreases
Viscosity
mostly depends of ratio of RBC to plasma
Greater resistance to flow =
Greater BP
baroreceptors
monitor blood pressure
chemoreceptors
monitor blood acidity
Antiontension
hypertension
Angiotensin
Effects ADH release
ACE inhibitors
block activity of ACE, therefore not as much conversion of angiotensin 1 to angiotensin 2 and therefore not as much vasoconstriction of the arterioles…..leads to decreased BP
ACE
converts AI into AII, which then vasoconstricts arterioles and results in increased BP
Epinephrine and Norepinephrine
Increases HR and force of contractions, Increases Q
Increase blood flow to the muscles
Increases (Both) or Decreases BP (Epi only)
Both increase HR and SV
Norepi- vasoconstriction in skin and abdomen arterioles
Epi- vasodilation in skeletal and cardiac muscle
Antidiuretic hormone
Released in response to dehydration or decreased BV
Causes vasoconstriction, increases BP
Macrocirculation
large arteries and veins that do not change diameter
Microcirculation
vessels smaller than 300 microns, that can actively change their diameter via contraction of vascular smooth muscle
Bulk Flow
Movement from area of high pressure to area of low pressure

Faster than diffusion
Net Filtration Pressure
Determines whether fluids leave or enter capillaries

net outward pressure of 10 mm Hg at arterial end of a capillary bed = filtration

net inward pressure of 9 mm Hg at venous end of a capillary bed = reabsorption
Edema
Abnormal increase in interstitial fluid if filtration > reabsorption
(increased BP)
Edema
accumulation of excess fluid in interstitial tissues.
Direct application of acetylcholine to the heart
will decrease heart rate
Most people have conscious control over their autonomic nervous system
False
parasympathetic division
REST & DIGEST
Sympathetic
Fight or Flight
The sympathtic nervous system, when stimulated, will cause blood vessels
to dilate in some areas, but constrict in others
The sarcoplasmic reticulum releases calcium ions into the cytosol
At the beginning of a contraction
Sympathetic system ganglions are located _____ from the effector organs
FAR AWAY
_____ lowers blood glucose levels
insulin
The fight or flight response is initiated by the
hypothalamus
This is a band of connective tissue that surrounds muscles.
epimysium
The brain must have an almost continuous supply of
Oxygen and Glucose
Hormone exhaustion stage of GAS?
cortisol
Hormone inhibit osteoclastic activity?
calcitonin
Stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system will (eyes)
cause the eye to dilate
What endocrine gland is part of the autonomic nervous system?
Adrenal
total body weight of the average adult is muscle tissue
40-50%
least powerful type of muscle fiber
Slow oxidative fiber
Hormone increase in the blood osmotic pressure
ADH
Cortisol stimulates
gluconeogenesis
Thrombosis refers to clotting in a blood vessel that has not been broken.
TRUE
Agranular Lymphocytes
both lymphocytes and monocytes
What occurs after the QRS phase of the ECG
the ventricles contract

(remember that the electrical signal/action potention preceeds the actual muscle contraction )
Stimulation of this nerve reduces heart rate
Vagus nerve
cardiac conduction system in the correct order
SA node
AV node
bundle of His
right and left bundle branches, Purkinje fibers
Which of these periods represents greatest cardiac output?
ventricular systole
Which of the below is the most important capillary exchange method
Diffusion
hormones will decrease blood pressure
atrial natriuretic peptide.
Muscle Tissue can produce heat via _____ contractions of skeletal muscle
involuntary
Properties of Muscle Tissue
Excitability
Contractility
Extensibility
Elasticity
Thermal
I band is lighter because
It has only actin
Striations in A band are due to
Actin and myosin together makes it appear darker
Surrounds whole muscle
epimysium
surrounds bundles (fascicles)
perimysium
Sarcoplasm contains a lot of ____ for energy production and oxygen storage
glycogen
This organelle stores ____ in relaxed muscle
Ca2+
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum
Release of ______ triggers muscle contraction
Ca2+
Myofibrils have 3 kinds of proteins
contractile proteins (actin/myosin)
Regulatory Proteins (troponin/tropomyosin)
Structural Proteins
(dystrophin/titin,etc)
______ Hold Thick filaments in place
M line proteins
This covers the myosin binding site in relaxed muscle (to make sure it doesnt contract)
Tropomyosin
Thin filaments are held in place by ______ lines
Z lines
blocks release of neurotransmitter at the NMJ so muscle contraction can not occur
Botulinum toxin (Botox
causes muscle paralysis by blocking the ACh receptors
used to relax muscle during surgery
Curare (plant poison from poison arrows)
Motor unit
one motor neuron & all the skeletal muscle cells (fibers) it innervates
At a NMJ ___ enters the synaptic vesicle, releasing _____ which binds to the _______
Ca2+
ACh
Sarcolemma
When _____ binds to troponin, ________ falls off the myosin binding sites allowing contraction to occur
Ca2+
tropomyosin
myosin binds to actin forming _______
crossbridges
Contraction can occur for as long as there is enough _________ and _______
ATP & Ca2+
_____ makes myosin detach from actin at their crossbridges
ATP
Thick & thin filaments do not change in length

TRUE or FALSE
TRUE
_______ breaks down ACh within the synaptic cleft
resulting in Relaxation and end of action potential
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE)
During relaxation Ca2+ release channels _____ and tropomyosin _________ the actin site
close
covers
After death, Ca2+ ions leak out of the SR and allow myosin heads to bind to actin

Since ATP synthesis has ceased, crossbridges cannot detach from actin until enzymes start to digest decomposing cells
Rigor Mortis
Skeletal Muscle contraction
Calcium channels open, then ACh comes into synaptic cleft, ACh binding causes ligand-gated sodium channels to open triggering muscle Action Potential
Type 1 of Skeletal Muscle Fibers
slow oxidative, slow-twitch
red in color (lots of mitochrondria, myoglobin, blood vessels), maintains posture (sustained contractions)
Type 2a of Skeletal Muscle Fibers
fast oxidative-glycolytic
red in color (mitochrondria, myoglobin, blood vessels)
Used for walking/sprinting
Type 2b
fast glycolytic fibers, fast-twitch
White in color (few mitochondria/myoglobin)
used for weight lifting
This is the smallest Muscle fiber
Type 1
This is the largest Muscle fiber
Type 2b
skeletal muscle fibers can/can’t divide after 1st year
Can't
muscle shortens to produce force and movement
Concentric
muscle lengthens while maintaining force and movement
Eccentric
tension generated, no muscle shortening, no movement
Isometric
second stimulus applied before muscle has completely relaxed after the previous stimulus
Wave summation
Excess _____ within resting muscle used to form creatine phosphate
ATP
______ is 3-6x more plentiful than ATP within muscle
Creatine Phosphate
If no O2 present, pyruvic acid converted to _________
lactic acid
In Anaerobic Cellular Respiration, ATP is produced from glucose breakdown into pyruvic acid during ________
glycolysis
Aerobic Cellular Respiration is best for activities
>30sec>10min
requires oxygen
Muscle fatigue occurs due to
depletion of Creatine Phosphate
Low Ca2+ count in sarcoplasm
low oxygen or glycogen
buildup of lactic acid
Cardiac Muscle is ______ control
involuntary control
autorhythmic from pacemaker
Cardiac Muscle
Intercalated Discs
Gap Junctions
Striated
1 nucleus per
Small, involuntary cells, oval-shaped, central nucleus
smooth muscle cells
Smooth muscle (yes/no) has sarcomeres
NO SARCOMERES
In smooth muscle, the regulator protein that binds calcium ions in the cytosol
calmodulin
______ hormones: travel in blood, act on distant target cells
ENDOCRINE
bind to transport proteins to be carried in the blood
Lipid-soluble
circulate freely in plasma (no transporter required
Water-soluble:
Lipid-soluble hormones bind to and activate receptors within cells
DIRECT GENE ACTIVATION
Direct Gene Activation
example
Steroids
SECOND MESSENGER ACTIVATION
Water-soluble hormones activate plasma membrane receptors
): increase glucose in the blood causes the release of insulin by the pancr
HUMORAL (blood or fluid
a preganglionic sympathetic nerve fiber stimulates the adrenal medulla to secrete catecholamines
NEURAL
: pituitary gland secretes thyroid stimulating hormone that in-turn causes the thyroid gland to release T3 and T4
HORMONAL
The Master gland
Pituitary Gland
the major integrating link between the nervous and endocrine systems
Hypothalamus =
Receives input from cortex, thalamus, limbic system & internal organs
Hypothalamus
The ______ and the _______ gland regulate virtually all aspects of growth, development, metabolism, and homeostasis
hypothalamus
pituitary gland
These hormones are made in the Anterior Lobe
ACTH (adrenocorticotropin hormone)
TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone)
FSH (follicule stimulating hormone)
LH (luteinizing hormone)
Human growth hormone (hGH)
Prolactin (PRL)
most plentiful anterior pituitary hormone
hGH
Essential for normal growth during childhood and adolescence
hGH
Causes release of estrogen or testosterone
Follicle Stimulating (FSH)
Triggers ovulation, stimulates estrogen and progesterone release
Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
Initiates and maintains milk secretion by mammary glands
Prolactin
Maintains blood volume by causing kidneys to retain more water, inhibits sweat glands, contracts arterioles
Stimulated by high osmotic pressure
Vasopressin
Highly active T# in the thyroid
(T4 or T3)?
T3
Less calcium in the blood
puts it into bone (by less osteoclast activity
Inhibits bone resorption by osteoclasts
Builds bone
Calcitonin
Regulates the homeostasis of calcium and phosphate
increase blood calcium level
decrease blood phosphate level

Increases the number # and activity of osteoclasts
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
Promotes bone resorption and release of calcium (Ca2+)
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
kidneys secrete _____ to cause reabsorption of Ca2+ from food
calcitrol
Inner Medulla produces.....
epinephrine, norepinephrine and dopamine
Adrenal Cortex
Aldosterone Cortisol
Androgens
regulate Na+ and K+ levels in the body

Regulated by: renin-angiotensin pathway
ALDOSTERONE
= converts AI into AII, which then vasoconstricts arterioles and results in increased BP
ACE
ACE inhibitors increase or decreases BP?
DECREASE
metabolism and stress response
CORTISOL
Condition due to high levels of cortisol in body tissue
Cushing’s Syndrome:
highest % of Hormones of the Adrenal Medulla
Epinephrine (~80%)

Glycogen Breakdown
Lipolysis
The other % of hormones of the Adrenal Medulla
Norepinephrine (~20%)
Heart Rate
Force of Contraction
Blood Pressure
Blood Flow to heart, liver, muscle, adipose tissue
Dilation of airways
Stimuli for the Release of Catecholamines
Decreases in blood glucose levels
Increase in emotional stress
Pancreatic beta cells
Insulin
Pancreatic alpha cells
Glucagon
promotes glucose uptake from blood
Decreases blood glucose
Insulin
promotes release of glucose into the blood
Increases blood glucose
Glucagon
converts glycogen to glucose
Glucagon
glucose to glycogen
Insulin
Insulin is a what kind of hormone?
Anabolic hormone
Type I Diabetes
Insulin Dependent
Juvenile onset
deficiency of insulin
Type 2 Diabetes
Non insulin dependent DM
adult onset
insulin produced but not responsive
Type II Diabetes treatment
diet modificiation
weight loss
Type I diabetes treatment
Insulin injections
Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Gonadal Axis
regulates what in men
production of sperm
Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Gonadal Axis in females
regulates ovulation, ovarian cycle, and uterine cycle
____ stimulates testosterone secretin
LH
_____ cells secrete testerosterone
Leydig cells
____ stimulates spermatogenesis
FSH
Female Reproductive Cycle is controlled by the hormone cycle via what glands?
anterior pituitary, hypothalamus
LH functions to form the __________
the corpus luteum which secretes estrogens, progesterone, relaxin & inhibin
Ovulation occurs due to a spike in ________
LH and estrogens
This hormone is mainly found in the secretory/thick uterine wall
progesterone
These types of hormones circulate
freely in plasma
water soluble
Lipid soluble hormones act directly on
receptors in this area
nucleus
This is a specific second messenger used by
hormones
Cyclic AMP
Non-striated and involuntary
smooth muscle
Binds to Ca2+
troponin
The area that does not contain myosin
I band
The influx of this causes exocytosis in a
motor nerve
Ca2+
This blood type has no anti-A or anti-B
antibodies
AB
Resistance to flow is inversely proportional
to this
Viscocity
This contributor to TPR depends mainly upon
the ratio of RBC to plasma
Viscocity
This causes valves to open and close
pressure changes
This term refers to the influx of extra cellular
calcium
Calcium induced calcium release
This nerve slows heart rate when excited
Vagus
This ECG lead looks from the right arm to the
left arm
I (one)
This gland makes epinephrine
Adrenal
This gland is sometimes called the
“Master Gland”
Pituitary
This hormone is responsible for growth and maintenance of blood glucose
hGH
This hormone causes release of an oocyte
LH
This hormone increase excretion of H+ in urine
aldosterone
contains and releases Ca2+
sarcomere
Binding of this substance causes myosin to release actin
ATP
The average blood volume in humans
5 liters
the rapid response pathway of platelet activation
Extrinsic
Blood flows in this direction
High pressure to low pressure
A build up of cholesterol, macrophages and other debris in vessels
atherosclerosis
this is the term for excess filtered plasma
lymph
The pacemaker of the heart
SinoAtrial Node
this ECG wave represents ventricular repolarization
T wave
These ECG leads look at the transverse plane
Precordial
The term for the decay of resting membrane potential
Pacemaker Potentail
CO x TPR
blood pressure