Caps Exam 2 Study Tool

Front 1

What are some anthropogenic impacts on lakes?

Back 1

1. leeching septic tanks

2. cutting down trees

3. removing shrubbery from shoreline

Front 2

Why are Maine lakes valuable?

Back 2

Maine lakes are worth 5 to 6 billion a year. Tourists contribute to this. It is a valuable resource for Maine's tax income.

Front 3

What is the difference between a lake and a pond?

Back 3

Ponds have plants that grow all across the bottom. In lakes, plants cannot grow all across the bottom.

Front 4

What are some characteristics of East Pond that make it unappealing to humans?

Back 4

It is murky and smells. This impacts property values.

Front 5

How were lakes originally formed?

Back 5

Lakes were formed by glaciers.

Front 6

What is a thermocline?

Back 6

It is a steep temperature gradient. Marked by a layer above and below at which the water is at different temperatures

Front 7

How do you calculate the flow rate of a river?

Back 7

Flow rate = Width * Depth * Velocity

(depth derived from various spots along bottom)

Front 8

Why is phosphate important in lakes?

Back 8

Phosphate is important in lakes because it is a limiting reagent to make plants.

Front 9

How much O2 is produced when plankton grow on 12 ppb of phosphate?

Back 9

first go from phosphate ppb to moles and then from phosphate to moles O2 and lastly moles O2 to O2 ppm.

Front 10

What is a Secchi Disk?

Back 10

a black and white disk that is lowered by hand into the water to the depth at which it vanishes from sight

Front 11

Which holds more oxygen: hot or cold water?

Back 11

Cold water (Warm water allows for larger spaces between water molecules where oxygen can readily escape)

Front 12

Which hold more oxygen: salt or freshwater?

Back 12

freshwater

Front 13

What is anoxia?

Back 13

Zero oxygen (less than 2ppm)

Front 14

How does phosphorous mix to the surface?

Back 14

High levels of phosphorous exist in the deep water zone. Decomposition depletes oxygen and produces phosphorous. Phosphorous uses O2 to bind to iron which keeps it in the benthic zone. When there is little O2 here (due to decomposition driving anoxia), phosphorous mixes up to the surface.

Front 15

What is hypoxia?

Back 15

Hypoxia is low oxygen levels

Front 16

What is the anoxic factor?

Back 16

anoxic area/lake area*days of anoxia

AF provides an estimate of internal phosphorous provides an estimate of internal phosporous

<10 is good, 20 is a concern, 30 is bad, 50+ is awful

Front 17

What are some lake management options to contain algae/anoxia?

Back 17

-Dredging

-P-inactivation

-Oxygenation

-Circulation

-Algaecides

Front 18

Dredging

Back 18

Expensive, difficult, not typically done.

Dredges can remove accumulated lake sediments to increase depth and eliminate nutrient-rich sediments. By removing nutrient-rich sediment, dredging may improve water quality. Some dredging drawbacks include resuspension of sediments during the dredging operation and the temporary destruction of habitat.

Front 19

P-inactivation

Back 19

This method consists of adding powdered aluminum which binds phosphorous and keeps it out of the system. It's common, very effective, and can be used on water column or sediment.

Front 20

Oxygenation

Back 20

beneficial, done annually, drawback is cost and maintenance

Front 21

Circulation

Back 21

works like oxygenation, can disrupt cyanos with movement, but not good for cold water fisheries

Front 22

Algaecides

Back 22

toxins that kill algae, effective in preventing blooms, not favored in Maine, inadequate algal monitoring system

Front 23

What are our 2 best options for algal control in Maine lakes?

Back 23

1. oxygenation by Dox can add oxygen at any level desired

2. p-inactivation can treat all area subject to anoxia -- appears to be 15% of Great Pond, 28% Long Pond. $1M Long Pond, $2 Great Pond

Front 24

What is the summer action plan?

Back 24

The Maine Lakes Resource Center will lead a community-based planning process to develop a water quality improvement plan for the Belgrade watershed. web.colby.edu/lakes

Front 25

USING MOLECULAR ECOLOGY TO HELP UNDERSTAND AND REVERSE EELGRASS DECLINE

Back 25

Karen James & Jane Disney

Front 26

Why is eelgrass important?

Back 26

-Habitat for fish and invertebrates

-Stabilizes sediments

-Sequesters carbon

-Absorbs nutrients

-Filters water

Front 27

How can we assess the level of biodiversity in eelgrass?

Back 27

Set up a standard way of identifying DNA on grass. We need a data base of DNA from all species (BOLD).

Front 28

What is BOLD?

Back 28

Barcode of Life Data Systems

Front 29

What did we test for in our eelgrass samples?

Back 29

We tested for the presence of L. zosterae and the expression of various stress-related eelgrass genes among samples collected from our three selected locations.

Front 30

Where did we collect our samples from?

Back 30

Tide Pool

Bar East

Tank

Front 31

Tide pool conditions:

Back 31

The eelgrass was closer to the surface and the water was also warmer in comparison to the other collection sites. It also contained more shells rocks and invasive crab.

Front 32

Bar East Conditions:

Back 32

Was cooler than the first site and contained more mud/muck with little to no crabs and shells.

Front 33

Tanks:

Back 33

Tanks contained plants collected two weeks prior at Stave Island, a population known to have L. zosterae.Had no flowing water with little soil or room to grow.

Front 34

How did we collect our samples?

Back 34

Tissue was excised from the meristem and placed directly into RNAlater.

Front 35

How did we determine for L. Zosterae infection?

Back 35

We selected the ITS genomic region of L. zosterae, a well-defined region with established primers. Then we carried out PCR to amplify this region.

Front 36

Did we find presence of L. Zosterae in our samples?

Back 36

No. The PCR demonstrated that the ITS region was not amplified meaning that the protist was not present on the eelgrass (ITS is unique to the protist)

Front 37

How did we measure the expression of stress genes?

Back 37

We selected 11 genes shown to be up or down regulated in response to stressors. The eIF4A gene was chosen as a control.

First, RNA was isolated. Then we determined the concentration of mRNA. Next, we reverse transcribed the mRNA to produce cDNA, and then used qPCR to determine relative expression levels of our genes. We then compared expression levels across habitats.

Front 38

Why was the eIF4A gene selected as a reference transcript?

Back 38

because it is expressed at a constant level in certain species

Front 39

What were our findings for the expression of stress genes across our 3 sites?

Back 39

No general trend was found across the three sites. However, two genes stood out in terms of expression, Chitinase (Chit) and SOD. Chitinase was expressed greatly in the tide pool sample and SOD was found to be abundant in the tank sample.

Front 40

MEMORY AND STUDY HABITS

Back 40

JEN COANE

Front 41

Metacognition

Back 41

knowing what you know

Front 42

Errors in metacognition

Back 42

overconfidence (most common)

underconfidence

Front 43

"Generation Effect"

Back 43

Generating your own mnemonic or answer will lead to better results than those that your teacher gave you because they require more of your attention

Front 44

Why is randomization a positive study strategy?

Back 44

Focusing on differences helps learning more so than focusing on similarities.

-interleaving is a randomization strategy

Front 45

Why is spacing better than cramming?

Back 45

Spacing out studying helps create better memory traces

Front 46

How does retrieval work?

Back 46

The more you engage in retrieval, the more likely you'll retrieve it again.

Front 47

What phenomenon does the testing effect show?

Back 47

Taking frequent tests benefits long term retention

Front 48

What does it mean to describe memory as being malleable?

Back 48

We can change memories. Every time you retrieve info, you make it susceptible to change.

Front 49

What study habit can lead to familiarity?

Back 49

Merely re-reading notes

Front 50

What is elaboration?

Back 50

Putting concepts in our own words

Front 51

The 3 R's

Back 51

Read

Recite
Review

...Much more effective

Front 52

Overlearning

Back 52

Learned and retrieved successfully more than once

Front 53

BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE

Back 53

MELISSA GLENN

Front 54

What is behavioral neuroscience?

Back 54

Learning how the structures of our brains change to effect our behavior

Front 55

Cradle to grave

Back 55

studies nutrition during inutero development

Front 56

What are some causes of depression?

Back 56

-Death

-Post-partum Depression

-Job/School Stress

-Challenges such as moving far away

Front 57

Symptoms of Schizophrenia

Back 57

- Hallucinations

- Delusions

- Paranoia

------> other negative symptoms (not mainstream) that are closely related to depression.

Front 58

Common therapies to treat depression

Back 58

>seratonin (neurotransmitter involved in mood)

- takes weeks before symptoms improve

- alters more than just seratonin levels

- neuroplasticity

Front 59

Conditioned Place Preference

Back 59

Particular preference over one side of apparatus

- consists of conditioning trials

- make side blocked off

- associate pleasurable experience with cocaine

- other side gets control and will have no preference for one side

Front 60

Water Maze

Back 60

Tests of learning and memory

- dominated by hippocampus region of brain

- aversively motivated task: reconcile fear with desire

Front 61

Probe trial

Back 61

- Take platform out of pool

- animals w/o hippo. damage spend 25% in each section

Front 62

Pre-Pulse Inhibition

Back 62

Low sound before loud sound slows reaction time

Front 63

Immunohistochemistry

Back 63

We use a protein called doublecortin in staining to count the # of new neurons. Antibodies are used to bind the pigment to the protiein.

Front 64

RESEARCH FOCUS: ANTI-CANCER DRUG

Back 64

KEVIN RICE

Front 65

What did we do in Kevin Rice's lab?

Back 65

We purified an enzyme from eggs

Front 66

What's an enzyme?

Back 66

A catalyst that lowers activation energy to speed up reactions?

Front 67

Which enzyme are we extracting and what's its function?

Back 67

Lysozyme

- Function: takes polysaccharides and chops them up

Front 68

Which 2 methods were used to extract Lysozyme from the eggs?

Back 68

1. Gel Filtration

2. Ion exchange

Front 69

Gel Filtration

Back 69

- Separates proteins by size using porous matrix.

- smaller molecules have greater access and larger molecules are excluded from the matrix.

Front 70

Ion Exchange

Back 70

the exchange of ions of the same charge between an insoluble solid and a solution in contact with it

Front 71

BUBBLES AND 3D GLASSES AND LASERS

Back 71

PROFESSOR CONOVER

Front 72

WHY ARE BUBBLES COLORFUL

Back 72

different places on the bubble reflect different colors

Front 73

Polarization

Back 73

The process of transforming unpolarized light into polarized light

Front 74

INVASIVE NORTHERN PIN OAKS

Back 74

JUDY STONE

- Population Geneticist

Front 75

What was Judy's research question regarding invasive species?

Back 75

- Why is there a substantial lag time before invasiveness of many introduced species?

Front 76

Northern Pin Oak

Back 76

Invasive species that can grow anywhere

Front 77

What are Judy's hypotheses regarding northern pin oaks?

Back 77

1. seedlings are products of disparate plantings more than expected by chance

2. seedlings are less inbred than parent trees

3. seedlings are less inbred than acorns

4. Pin oak plantings that have not spread from cultivation in central Southern Maine consist of only a single introduction.

Front 78

Chloroplast DNA

Back 78

Haploid and inherited from mother

Front 79

Where is the mother of most trees located on campus?

Back 79

Near Foss

Front 80

What is Judy Stone's Research "To Do List?"

Back 80

- Paternity analysis

- Increase sample size of saplings genotyped

- genotype acorns and contrast with seedlings

- Collect survivorship data

Front 81

What will survivorship data help us determine about Pin Oaks on campus?

Back 81

It will help us determine how population fluctuates over time

Front 82

SOLUTIONS FOR SUSTAINABILITY

Back 82

JEFF KATZ

Front 83

What's green chemistry?

Back 83

Generating inherently benign materials that minimize the use and generation of hazardous substances.

Front 84

How did we convert vegetable oil into biodiesel?

Back 84

We added in a base that broke up the linkages between 3 chains in order to be able to burn the oil. Then we used a separation technique to separate the oil from the water.