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60 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Where is the nucleus located? |
In the middle of the atom. |
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What does the nucleus contain and how does that influence it's overall charge? |
The nucleus contains protons and neutrons. This means its charge is positive overall due to the positive protons. |
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What do the electrons do? |
The electrons orbit around the nucleus. |
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What is the relative mass and charge of protons, neutrons and electrons? |
Protons: Relative mass = 1 Charge = +1 Neutrons: Relative mass = 1 Charge = 0 Electrons: Relative mass = Negligible (nearly 0) Charge = -1 |
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Oxygen has a proton number of 8 and a mass of 16. How many electrons does it have? |
It has 8 electrons. Number of protons = number of electrons |
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Oxygen has a proton number of 8 and a mass of 16. How many neutrons does it have. |
It has 8 neutrons. Relative mass - proton number = number of neutrons |
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What do these state symbols mean: (s), (l), (g) and (aq)? |
(s) - solid (l) - liquid (g) - gas (aq) - dissolved in water |
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True or false? When heated elements emit the same colour. |
False. When heated elements emit distinctive colours. |
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What colours do lithium, sodium and potassium emit when heated? |
Lithium - produces a red flame Sodium - produces a yellow/orange flame Potassium - produces a lilac flame |
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Why is the fact that elements produce different colours beneficial to chemists? |
They help chemists to identify a metal in a compound. |
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What is the practical technique used to produce line spectrum called? |
Spectroscopy. |
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Can you explain the steps of spectroscopy? |
When heated, the electrons in an atom are excited thus they release energy as light. The wavelengths emitted can be recorded as a line spectrum. Different elements emit different wavelengths of light. This is due to each element having a different electron configuration. Therefore each element has a different pattern of wavelengths, and a different line spectrum. This means that line spectrum can be used to identify elements. This practical technique used to produce line spectrum is called spectroscopy. |
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Can you give an example of an element that line spectrum has helped to identify? |
Rubidium, caesium and helium. |
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How did Dobereiner organise elements?
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In triads. This were groups of three based on their chemical properties. It was arranged in order of relative atomic mass. The middle element was the average of the other two. |
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How did Newlands organise elements? |
Newlands' Law of Octaves. Newlands noticed that when you arranged the elements in order of relative atomic mass every eighth element had similar chemical properties. |
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What was wrong with Newlands' proposal? Why was is not accepted?
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The pattern broke down on the third row where some transition metals didn't fit into it. His groups contained elements that didn't have similar properties. He mixed up metals and non-metals. He didn't leave any gaps for undiscovered elements. |
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How did Mendeleev organise elements? |
Mendeleev organised elements in order of atomic mass. He left gaps in order to keep elements with similar chemical properties in the same vertical groups. This predicted the properties of undiscovered elements and when they were discovered they fitted the pattern. |
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True or false? Currently, the periodic table is organised by increasing atomic mass. |
False.
Currently, the periodic table is organised by increasing proton number. |
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Where are metals and non-metals found in the periodic table? |
Metals are found in the left and non-metals in the right.
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Are the elements with similar properties organised by group or period?
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The group.
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What does the group number tell you about the electron configuration? |
The amount of electrons on the outer shell. |
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What does the period number tell you? |
The amount of shells an element has. |
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How many electrons are allowed in the first, second and third shells? |
First: 2 electrons Second: 8 electrons Third: 8 electrons |
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What's the electron configuration of oxygen? Proton number: 8 Mass: 16 |
Oxygen: 2, 6 |
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What's the electron configuration of phosphorus? Proton number: 15 Mass: 31 |
Phosphorus: 2, 8, 5 |
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What is an ion? |
When atoms lose or gain electrons and form charged particles. |
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Why do atoms lose or gain electrons? |
To form a full outer shell. |
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Which ion do group 1 elements form? |
1+ (e.g. Na+) |
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Which ion do group 7 elements form? |
-1 (e.g. Cl-) |
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What is an ionic bond? |
An ionic bond occurs between a metal and a non-metal and involves the transfer of electrons from one atom to another to form electrically charged ions. |
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What is an ionic compound? |
Compounds that are held by ionic bonds between group 1 and group 7 elements. |
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Do ionic compounds like NaCl conduct electricity? |
No, because it is made up of a giant lattice of ions where the positive and negative ions are strong attracted to each other. This means that the ions are fixed and not free to move. |
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Do ionic compounds like NaCl conduct electricity when they're molten or dissolved? |
Yes, they can conduct electricity because the ions are free to move. |
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What must the total charge always add up to in compounds? |
Zero. |
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What is the formula for calcium chloride. |
CaCl2 |
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What is the charge on the oxide ion in K2O if the charge on the potassium ion is 1+? |
-2 |
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Alkali metals are shiny when freshly cut. What happens happens afterwards? |
They react with oxygen in the moist air and tarnish. |
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What happens when you go down group 1? |
They become more reactive. This is because the outer negative electron is more easily lost, because it's further away from the positive nucleus. They have a higher density. This is because the relative mass increases. They have a lower melting and boiling point. |
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What happens when an alkali metal reacts with water? |
They react vigorously. They fizz around the surface and produce hydrogen. Potassium gets hot enough to ignite it. If it hasn't been ignited then hydrogen can still be detected by a "squeaky pop". The reaction makes an alkaline solution. |
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What are the products of the alkali metal and water? |
Hydrogen and a metal hydroxide. (e.g. hydrogen + potassium hydroxide) |
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What are the products of an alkali metal and chlorine. |
A colourless crystalline salt. (e.g. LiCl, NaCl and KCl) |
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What are group 7 elements called? |
The halogens. |
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What happens as you go down group 7? |
The elements become less reactive. This is because the outer electrons are further from the nucleus and so additional electrons are attracted less strongly. The elements have a higher melting and boiling point. |
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Can you describe fluorine (colour and properties)? |
Fluorine is a very reactive, poisonous yellow gas at room temperature and pressure. |
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Can you describe chlorine (colour and properties)?
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Chlorine is a fairly reactive, poisonous dense green gas at room temperature and pressure. |
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Can you describe bromine (colour and properties)?
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Bromine is a dense, poisonous, orange volatile liquid at room temperature and pressure and forms an orange gas. |
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Can you describe iodine (colour and properties)?
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Iodine is a dark grey crystalline solid at room temperature or a purple vapour. |
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Why does the boiling and melting point of halogens increase as you go down the group? |
It turns from a gas to a solid. This means more energy is required to break the bonds. |
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What is produced when a halogen reacts with an alkali metal? |
Metal halides which are salts. |
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What is produced when a halogen reacts with iron?
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Iron halides which are coloured solids. |
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What is a displacement reaction? |
A displacement reaction is when a more reactive element displaces a less reactive element from its compound. |
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What does oxidising mean? |
Provides oxygen which allows other materials to burn more fiercely. |
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What does highly flammable mean? |
It catches fire easily. |
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What does toxic mean? |
It means it can cause death either by swallowing, breathing in, or absorption through the skin. |
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What does explosive mean? |
It can explode. |
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What does corrosive mean? |
It attacks and destroys living tissues. |
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Why are alkali metals stored under oil? |
They can react violently with the water vapour in the air. |
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What could happen if you touch alkali metals with your bare hand? |
The sweat on your skin could produce heat and a corrosive hydroxide. |
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Why is liquid bromine dangerous? |
It's corrosive. |
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Why must halogens be used in a fume cupboard? |
They are used in a fume cupboard so you don't breathe in the fumes. |
