(C) Final Study Guide

Front 1

Circadian Rhythms

Back 1

Endogenous, humans’ last around 24.2h, examples: activity, temp, waking & sleeping, secretion of hormones, eating & drinking.

Front 2

Stages of Sleep

Back 2

Relaxed Wakefulness
1) NREM Stage 1
2) NREM Stage 2
3) NREM Stage 3, 4/ Slow Wave Sleep
4) REM

Front 3

NREM

Back 3

Reduced muscle tension throughout body, minimal movement, low temp & low energy consumption, heart rate, respiration, & kidney function slow down, increased digestive process, brain is resting, detailed, entertaining dreams rare.

Front 4

REM

Back 4

“Dreaming Period,” EEG almost indistinguishable from that of an active brain, high oxygen consumption, increased & irregular heart & respiration rates, muscle atonia, body temp drops, sexual arousal.

Front 5

Effects of Sleep Deprivation

Back 5

Can not really kill you, 2 weeks of Total Deprivation: immune dysfunction, organ damage, stress, reduced ability to conserve heat, increased metabolism. Fatal Familial Insomnia can’t sleep for a couple of months. Sleepiness/ Loss of Motivation/ Attentional Problems/ Reduced Body Temp/ Aches & Pains/ Reduced Creative Thinking & Multi-Tasking/ Anti-Depressant/ Memory Impairment

Front 6

Sleep Deprivation & Emotional Memory

Back 6

sleep deprived individuals often unaware of deficits, 6 hrs for many days.

Front 7

Sleep & Memory Consolidation

Back 7

sleep appears to consolidate or solidify newly formed memories. Integrates new memories w/ existing knowledge & older memories.

Front 8

The Power of Naps

Back 8

more improvement w/ naps (across day vs. overnight), naps better at facilitating info just learned.

Front 9

Theories of Dreaming

Back 9

Activation-Synthesis Hypothesis Dreams result from random activation in brain which is synthesized w/ existing knowledge & memories. Dreams Help Consolidate & Prune Memories info either removed/ strengthened during sleep depending on its usefulness (mental housekeeping). Dreams as Experimental Simulations testing schemas & reactions to certain situations, prepare you for the future.

Front 10

Content of Dreams

Back 10

80% of Dreams have Negative Emotional Content (failure, attacked), anxiety most prevalent/ Correlated w/ More Nightmares (imagery vividness, fantasy proneness, increased emotional reactions, anxiety disorders)/ 5% Dreams sexual in Nature/ Not Recurrent/ Phantasmagoric.

Front 11

REM Dreaming

Back 11

hallucinatory, emotional, narrative, w/ frequent movements.

Front 12

NREM Dreaming

Back 12

more thought-like & less hallucinatory.

Front 13

Remembering Dreams

Back 13

vast majority never remembered/ neurochemistry necessary for consolidation is suppressed during REM sleep/ What we recall usually what we remember waking up.

Front 14

Sleep & Creativity

Back 14

Sleep doesn’t just consolidate & strengthen memories, intelligently assimilates & generalizes our memories. Dreams may help build informational schemas of knowledge, provide predictions about world & implicitly facilitating creative next day insights.

Front 15

Lucid Dreaming

Back 15

deaming while knowing you’re dreaming, Begins Midst of Dream, Triggered by Noticing Impossible or Unlikely Occurrence, Controversial, Need to create Effective Event-Based Prospective Memory Cues (recognize dream signs). EX: read & look away, time, flip light switch, run through wall.

Front 16

White Bear Effect

Back 16

after engage in suppression, spend more time thinking of white bear.

Front 17

Ironic Errors

Back 17

fail to suppress unwanted thoughts, ironic b/c tell someone to not think makes them more likely to think about it.

Front 18

Rebound Effects

Back 18

think about to-be-suppressed thoughts more often in future after period of attempted to suppression, occurs even if initial suppression is relatively successful, in long-run more likely to do it.

Front 19

Ironic Process Theory

Back 19

Explains why thought suppression is so hard in Two Mental Processes:
1) Operator conscious, effortful process that creates desired mental state.
2) Ironic Monitoring Process: unconscious search for unwanted mental state.

Front 20

Cognitive Load & Thought Suppression

Back 20

causes errors when system underlying conscious mental control or under cognitive loads/stressors (If told to relax, don’t relax, trying to relax is counter-productive.).

Front 21

~Suppression & Recovered Memories

Back 21

Setting Bears Free Focused Distraction/ Reducing Stress & Cognitive Load/ Thought Postponement/ Exposure or Expression/ Acceptance & Commitment Therapy/ Meditation & Mindfulness/ Focused Breathing/ Attention Training/ Disclosure or Writing.

Front 22

Think/ No-Think Effect Anderson & Green (2001)

Back 22

subjects guess & paid, told attempting to avoid thinking about things make them more accessible, told avoid saying response out loud (no suppression instructions). RESULTS: more time you think of something, more improve memory, more not to think= less likely retrieve in future, not Ironic Error.

Front 23

White Bear vs. TNT

Back 23

conflicting results= nature of the task and duration of suppression attempts/ White Bear effect more robust & reliable than TNT effect.

Front 24

Embodied Cognition

Back 24

idea our bodies contribute to our intelligent behavior, including memory. Knowledge is not just something stored in out heads.

Front 25

~Mind-Body Dualism

Back 25

Cartesian Dualism idea that the mind is separate from the body. Mind= brain, rational, objective, high level cognition, uniquely human. Body= heart, emotional, subjective, low level automatic functions, animalistic.

Front 26

The Embodied Dynamic View of Mind

Back 26

memory is not a disembodied process takes place in your head or in one particular module in the brain. Memory is a dynamic reactivation of various resources. Activations include embodied parts of brain, body can facilitate/ inhibit ongoing reactivations create instances of explicit & implicit memories.

Front 27

Simulation

Back 27

the reenactment of perceptual, motor, & introspective states acquired during experience w/ the world, body, & mind/ Reenactments rely on embodied memory/Lang comprehension involves rich, meaningful representations that reflect embodied experiences/ Experience & content highly important/Words be used to evoke simulations/ Simu not full blown, conscious sensory experiences but subtle, implicit, automatic occurrences.

Front 28

Botox Study

Back 28

For Facial Feedback & Lang
Stimuli: Happy, Sad or Angry Sentences. INSTRUCT: read, answer, get botox injection, come back 2 weeks after treatment & complete task again. RESULTS: 2nd session P’s were significantly slower after having Botox injections at comprehension Task for Sad Items (p=.024) Angry (p=.025) Not for Happy Items.

Front 29

Conceptual Metaphor Theory

Back 29

use knowledge provided by our bodies to talk about emotional experiences. Source Domain Embodied/ Concrete/ Experiential Domains. Target Domains Abstract/ Subjective/ Difficult to Conceptualize.

Front 30

Metaphor Theory & Conceptual Metaphor

Back 30

conceptual metaphors are not merely ornaments of lang, they are cognitive devices that shape much of thought→ evidence: simulation of embodied, experiential source domains at the cognitive level.