Business Ethics

Front 1

Corporate governance

Back 1

The process by which shareholders seek to ensure that 'their' corporation is run according to their intentions.

Front 2

Global financial markets

Back 2

All physical and virtual places where financial titles in the broadest sense are traded worldwide.

Front 3

Shareholder activism

Back 3

Buying shares in a company with the intention to voice concerns on allegedly unethical practices.

Front 4

Socially responsible investment (SRI)

Back 4

The use of ethical, social, and environmental criteria in the selection and management of investment portfolios.

Front 5

Four types of employee privacy

Back 5

Physical, social, informational, psychological

Front 6

Consumer rights

Back 6

Inalienable entitlements to fair treatment when entering into exchanges with sellers.

Front 7

Deception marketing

Back 7

Creating or taking advantage of false beliefs that substantially interfere with the ability of people to make rational consumer choices.

Front 8

Types of ethical issues in pricing

Back 8

Excessive pricing, price fixing, predatory pricing, deceptive pricing

Front 9

Ethical consumption

Back 9

The conscious and deliberate choice to make certain consumption choices due to personal moral beliefs and values.

Front 10

Sustainable consumption

Back 10

The use of goods and services that respond to basic needs and bring a better quality of life, while minimizing the use of natural resources, toxic materials and emissions of waste and pollutants.

Front 11

Conflict of interest

Back 11

When a person's or organization's obligation to act in the interests of another is interfered with by a competing interest that may obstruct the fulfillment of that obligation.

Front 12

Considerations for gift giving

Back 12

Intention of the gift-giver, impact on the receiver, perception of other parties.

Front 13

Ethical sourcing

Back 13

The inclusion of explicit social, ethical, and/or environmental criteria into supply chain management policies, procedures and programs.

Front 14

Fair trade

Back 14

A system aimed at offering 'the most disadvantaged producers in developing countries the opportunity to move out of poverty through creating market access under beneficial rather than exploitative terms.

Front 15

Supply loop

Back 15

Product end-of-life management strategies that fulfill two criteria: they divert end-of-life products from landfill or incineration, and they reprocess these end-of-life products to replace primary resources in the supply chain.

Front 16

Industrial ecosystem

Back 16

Taken beyond the context of a single product supply and recapture loop, we can begin to also conceive of wider communities of organizations bound by interdependence.

Front 17

Civil society

Back 17

Organizations such as pressure groups, non-governmental organizations, charities, religious groups, and other private organizations that are neither business nor government institutions.

Front 18

Boycott

Back 18

An attempt by one or more parties to achieve certain objectives by urging individual consumers to refrain from making selected purchases in the marketplace.

Front 19

Social enterprise

Back 19

These occupy a middle ground between a conventional business and a civil society organization. They take part in the production of goods and services whilst having a distinct social purpose.

Front 20

Government

Back 20

A variety of institutions and actors at different levels that share a common power to issue laws.

Front 21

Laws

Back 21

Serve as a codification into explicit rules of the social consensus about what a society regards as right and wrong.

Front 22

Regulation

Back 22

Rules that are issued by governmental actors and other delegated authorities to constrain, enable, or encourage particular business behaviours.

Front 23

Lobbying

Back 23

A direct, usually private, attempt by business actors to influence governmental decision-making through information provision and persuasion.

Front 24

Corruption

Back 24

The abuse of entrusted power for private gain.

Front 25

Difference between corporate ownership and regular property

Back 25

The control of the owned property no longer lies in the hands of the owner. There are many shareholders, thus no single individual can consider themselves the owner. Shareholder and management interests may differ.

Front 26

Ethical issues with corporate governance

Back 26

The independence of the supervisory, non-executive board members is necessary to avoid conflicts of interests. Executive pay has exploded as a result of globalization and performance-related pay systems. Hostile takeovers can also be included in this category.

Front 27

Insider trading

Back 27

This occurs when securities are bought or sold on the basis of material 'non-public' information.

Front 28

Ethical issues with insider trading

Back 28

Inequalities in the access to relevant information. Misappropriation of property. Benefiting to the cost of 'ordinary' investors. Undermining the fiduciary duty of corporate managers.

Front 29

Agency relation

Back 29

Shareholder is a principal who contracts management as an agent to act in their interest within the boundary of the firm.

Front 30

Anglo-american model of corporate governance

Back 30

Focuses on the stock market as the central element of the system of governance.

Front 31

Continental European model of corporate governance

Back 31

Within this network of mutually interlocking owners, the central focus is typically the long-term preservation of influence and power.

Front 32

Employee rights

Back 32

Freedom from discrimination, privacy, due process, participation and association, healthy and safe working conditions, fair wages, work.

Front 33

Reverse discrimination

Back 33

Disadvantaging those thought to already be in an 'advantaged' position. In some countries, it is deemed acceptable to 'tip the scales' to favour under-represented groups.

Front 34

Work-life balance

Back 34

A 'healthy' balance between work and private life.

Front 35

Marketing communications

Back 35

To inform consumers about goods and services, and to persuade consumers to actually go ahead and purchase products.

Front 36

Freeza

Back 36

Dragon ball Z character. Despite not appearing until the manga's second half, this character is widely considered to be the most iconic antagonist from the series due to effectively serving as the catalyst of many of the events depicted in the story, such as Goku's arrival on Earth, the Saiyans landing on Earth, and subsequently the main characters going to planet Namek.

Front 37

Arguments for marketing to developing countries

Back 37

By stimulating commerce and development at the bottom of the economic pyramid, MNCs could radically improve the lives of billions of people and help bring into being a more stable, less dangerous world.

Front 38

Criticism against marketing to developing countries

Back 38

Profit opportunities are actually quite limited, and firms looking to tackle poverty should focus on the poor mainly as producers rather than consumers.

Front 39

Case for suppliers as stakeholders of a corporation

Back 39

These stakeholders can benefit from the success of a corporation by receiving orders for products and services and can be harmed by losing orders. Similarly, these stakeholders have rights that need to be respected by corporations, such as fair treatment or loyalty.

Front 40

Case for competitors as stakeholders of a corporation

Back 40

These stakeholders have the right to freely enter and leave the market, the right to set their own prices, and a right to 'fair play'. Additionally, a market's perception of a corporation can alter based on the actions of these stakeholders.

Front 41

Ethical gift giving

Back 41

Not accepting inducements, other than small items of little value. Always declare offers of hospitality and never let hospitality influence a business decision.

Front 42

Civil regulation

Back 42

Whether through protests and boycotts, or other forms of collaboration, CSOs increasingly appear to have the power to shape, influence, or curb business practice.