Business Ethics

Front 1

Is ethics a personal issue?

Back 1

Yes and no. There are certain general standards. It can be found a history of incidents (unethical issues), and pluralistically society contests the issue of what's right.

Front 2

What are the reasons of good people doing bad things?

Back 2

1 - too entusiastic, not being able to see what is beside you (get caught up in business and competition)
2 - Following orders
3 - Forget about social context, ignoring that ethics is related to economical enterprise b/c affects people

Front 3

What example did she give on ethics?

Back 3

That the damage the tragedy of the twin towers caused was bigger than the corporate immorality (destruction of moral principles) in the U.S.

Front 4

What if more laws and regulations were created?

Back 4

Studies prove that "unethical" companies do better with laws than moral com.

Front 5

How should ethics start?

Back 5

With core values that should be practiced.

Front 6

What example did the lecturer give about ethics and capitalist success?

Back 6

From 1920 - 1994 , the best cias in America were Disney, JJ, and Motorolla, JJ with profitability being n.10 goal of cia.

Front 7

What does the story "Ring of Gyges" tell us about the reasons for being good?

Back 7

Because we'd be punished if we didn't

Front 8

What does Hobbes say about making rules?

Back 8

Because we'd be in peril if we didn't. The State of Nature: equal needs; equal power; scarcity; self-interest. This amounts to a state of war. A war
of all against all.

Front 9

What is the critique of Psychological Egoism?

Back 9

empathy; inner conflict; satisfaction a by-product, not a goal.

Front 10

What is the critique about Ethical Egoism?

Back 10

Advice giving; incoherence between public and private life; friendship

Front 11

Boss - Ch1
What is ethics?

Back 11

as a philosophical discipline, it is
the study of the values and guidelines
by which we live, as well as the
justification of those values and
guidelines (universal principles, not
cultural agreements)

Front 12

Boss - Ch 2
Morals

Back 12

Provide skills necessary to analyze and evaluate different moral theories and lines of reasoning.

Front 13

Boss - Ch1
Aristotle

Back 13

The pursuit of good life is our most
important activity as humans. Through
the repeated performance of good
actions we become more moral (and more
happy). Repeated practice referred to
as habituation.

Front 14

Boss - Ch1
Buddhism

Back 14

the idea of practicing good actions as
more important than studying ethics

Front 15

Boss - Fallacies
What is it?

Back 15

When an argument is psychologically or
emotionally persuasive, but logically
incorrect.

Front 16

Boss - Fallacies
Equivocation

Back 16

meaning of a term is unclear (ambiguous)

Front 17

Boss - Fallacies
Appeal to force

Back 17

"might is right"

Front 18

Boss - Fallacies
Abusive fallacy

Back 18

ad hominem - attach to character

Front 19

Boss - Fallacies
Circumstancial fallacy

Back 19

consider one's special circumstance

Front 20

Boss - Fallacies
Appeal to inappropriate authority

Back 20

priests, non-specialists

Front 21

Boss - Fallacies
Popular appeal

Back 21

"everyone else is doing it"
"the tyranny of majority" (Stuart Mill)

Front 22

Boss - Fallacies
Hasty generalizations

Back 22

use of unusual or atypical cases to
support

Front 23

Boss - Fallacies
Fallacy of accident

Back 23

accepted rule used for exception

Front 24

Boss - Fallacies
Fallacy of ignorance

Back 24

has to be true 'cause it is not proved
false

Front 25

Boss - Fallacies
Begging the question

Back 25

or circular reasoning

Front 26

Boss - Fallacies
irrelevant conclusion

Back 26

conclusions and premises don't match

Front 27

Boss - Fallacies
Naturalistic fallacy

Back 27

nature characteristics as evident

Front 28

Boss - Fallacies
appeal to tradition

Back 28

used by cultural relativists to
legitimate the status quo

Front 29

The moral point of view
Morality is like...

Back 29

Nutrition
Are there authorities?
Do they disagree?
Should we judge others?

Front 30

The moral point of view
Problems?

Back 30

hypocrisy
knowing others
what is right
intervention

Front 31

The moral point of view
Nutrition or moral health

Back 31

live well
notion of good things
self-control (physically/morally fit)
moral is harder to convince Americans
Claims change periodically
intake depends on individual differences

Front 32

The Moral Point of View:
Authorities?

Back 32

Wise or studied individuals
experts disagree about morality
conclusion: nobody knows or confidence
that if done in insightful ways, can
help us

Front 33

The Moral Point of View:
Authorities?
what they know

Back 33

There is agreement in some issues
Human data as evidence for ethics
public vs. private face
self-deception - things that you
profess, but act differently

Front 34

The Moral Point of View:
Judgments

Back 34

To evaluate a kind of life a person
takes is proper. The point is that it
is sometimes used to condemn people.

Front 35

The Moral Point of View:
Hypocrisy

Back 35

A hypocrite can still make moral
remarks. People learn from their
mistakes, but some people want to learn
by themselves.

Front 36

The Moral Point of View:
Knowing others

Back 36

If you can know one's motivation, you
can try to judge them. People seek
understanding of others! Maybe we
can't judge motivation, but behavior

Front 37

The Moral Point of View:
What is right?

Back 37

Do we have legitimate ground for making
judgments?

Front 38

Ch3 - Ethical subjectivism
What does it assert?

Back 38

No objective or universal moral
standards or truths

Front 39

Ch3 - Ethical subjectivism
What are over there to rely on?

Back 39

Only opinions - belifs, no reasons or
facts

Front 40

Ch3 - Ethical subjectivism
Is it different from skepticism

Back 40

the late one does not question our ability to know moral truths.

Front 41

Ch3 - Ethical subjectivism
What is a right act for an individual?

Back 41

whatever a person belives is right for
him or her

Front 42

Ch3 - Ethical subjectivism
How to judge moral preferences?

Back 42

there are no absolute standards by which to judge a person's moral
preferences

Front 43

Ch3 - Ethical subjectivism
What is the public opinion about
subjectivism?

Back 43

great majority of philosophers disagree
with it.

Front 44

Ch3 - Ethical subjectivism
Differences from subjectivism

Back 44

moral uncertainty, free will, ethical skepticism or emotivism (deny knowledge
of moral truth)

Front 45

Ch3 - Ethical skepticism
what does it say

Back 45

We cannot know with certainty whether
or not objective moral standards exist

Front 46

Ch3 - Ethical emotivism

Back 46

All moral statements are meaningless

Front 47

Ch3 - Ethical subjectivism
Kitty Genovese Syndrome

Back 47

An attitude of moral indifference to
another person's distress
No objective values based
Takes away responsibility

Front 48

Ch3 - Ethical subjectivism
Critique

Back 48

No universal moral standards
Cannot be mistaken
We judge our feelings and actions
We regard acting on certain feelings
as immoral
It is desastruous for the weak

Front 49

Ch3 - Social Darwinism
Who created it?

Back 49

Huxley and Spencer, based on Darwin's
theory of evolution

Front 50

Ch3 - Social Darwinism
What did it say?

Back 50

"rejects ethical relativism and instead
embraces an ethics based on one
universal moral principle: survival of
the fittest"

Front 51

Ch3 - Social Darwinism
What are its implications?

Back 51

dominant civilizations as more
developed ones. Justify the dominance
of one culture over the other.

Front 52

Conscience and moral standards
Feeling guilty

Back 52

religious aspect
reluctance of feeling guilty

Front 53

Conscience and moral standards
Humility

Back 53

being aware of moral development, and
desire to reach a higher point

Front 54

Ch3 - Cultural Relativism
Argument?

Back 54

Moral principles vary from culture to
culture, inexistence of transcultural
moral standards.

Front 55

Ch3 - Cultural Relativism
Moral community

Back 55

groups granted the universal, basic
rights.

Front 56

Ch3 - Cultural Relativism
Mandala

Back 56

Abstract circle, position defining
privileges in societies.

Front 57

Ch3 - Cultural Relativism
Implications

Back 57

To go against social darwinism,
forgot about common standards. Forgot
about countergroups in each society.

Front 58

Ch3 - Cultural Relativism
Critiques

Back 58

illogical, does not work in
pluralistically societies, confuses
custom with morality, group lack of
morality, we/they mentality,
inexistence of common standards

Front 59

Worksheet - Subjectivism and relativism
Attractions

Back 59

Tolerance (or indifference)
Dignifies us (or demans)

Front 60

Worksheet - Subjectivism and relativism
Distinctions

Back 60

Values/tastes
ethics/etiquette
cultural/sociological

Front 61

Worksheet - Subjectivism and relativism
there are moral standards

Back 61

quarrelling
excuse making
moral progress
judge and commend

Front 62

Worksheet - Subjectivism and relativism
relativism or absolutism

Back 62

a middle way: discuss and search

Front 63

Conscience and moral standards
development of conscience

Back 63

Psycho studies prove that there is
something original (basic sense of
justice) plus social conditioning
We cannot only be shaped (not plastic)

Front 64

Conscience and moral standards
Conscience division

Back 64

affective (worse press attention) and
reasoning

Front 65

Conscience and moral standards
Affective

Back 65

Sympathy for the other - relate to the world, removes egocentric view
Helper's high - phy, emot, psy rejuvenation
Moral outrage

Front 66

Moral Development
What is guilt

Back 66

when we cross the line of our morals

Front 67

Moral Development
concept

Back 67

maybe as human beings we develop our
morals in a certain way

Front 68

Afluenza

Back 68

Keen eye towards the world

Front 69

Similarity bet individualism, subject,
relativism

Back 69

impossible to search for a better life
no moral truth applies to all

Front 70

Similarity between ethics and arts

Back 70

Its not a data vs opinion issue, but having good reasons to support.

Front 71

Stages by Piaget

Back 71

Pre-conventional (personal)
Conventional (sociological)
Post-conventional (conscience and
autonomous thinking)

Front 72

Women's point of view

Back 72

self / self sacrificing / balanced

Front 73

What are the components that make moral values

Back 73

sensitivity
reasoning
motivation
character

Front 74

Moral Development
What is the criticism against stages?

Back 74

Were created in the 70's, using as
subjects male college students.

Front 75

Moral Development
How are female ways of moral
development different?

Back 75

Masculinity - gender identity formed by separation and independence
Feminity - female gender identity is
threatened by individualization,
we have closer bounds w fewer women

Front 76

Individualism
Ring of Gyges

Back 76

Glaucon - story to illustrate truth
about us and justice
We behave morally only if there is some
form of social control (punishment)
By nature, we act according to our self
interests

Front 77

Individualism
Ring of Gyges - what is more benefitial

Back 77

awards of immorality are bigger than
morality's.
If had ring but didn't use it, we would
be fools
Sharp criticism of "Good for its own
sake"

Front 78

Individualism
Social Darwinism

Back 78

Reinforces self-interest
Claim of how we ought to live

Front 79

Individualism
Hobbes

Back 79

Moral development stages - 1st egoism
Life before civilization
We create rules in society to protect
ourselves from a brutal death
Complete chaos w/o moral rules - no
right or wrong
Biological right to dominate

Front 80

Individualism
Psychological Egoism

Back 80

We are in a struggle for survival
Description of our self-interest
Altruism or self-sacrifice is
impossible

Front 81

Individualism
Cons

Back 81

Unfalsifiable - no opposing alternative
Empathy - ability to feel others
Helper's high - isn't only self-
interest

Front 82

Ethical egoism
Premises

Back 82

maybe we don't always act on our self-interest. But don't. The world would be a better place if all played the
game.

Front 83

Egoism and Capitalism
value

Back 83

based on demand, popularity in real
life, but can we base on it our moral
values?

Front 84

Egoism and Capitalism
Responsibility

Back 84

to maximize self-interest

Front 85

Egoism and Capitalism
Morals and culture

Back 85

supposed negative effects (Novak)

Front 86

Egoism and Capitalism
Virtuous self-interest

Back 86

Greed will be punished
Includes others
Social virtuous (trust, shared risk,
contacts) Novak

Front 87

Egoism and Capitalism
What's real?

Back 87

Darwin
Hobbes
Machiavelli

Front 88

Egoism and Capitalism
Laissez-faire

Back 88

strenghtening society because of
production
expanded gap bet. poor and rich
not everybody has equal opportunities
kids learn to grow from egoism to social values
-crucial for self-expression

Front 89

Egoism and Capitalism
Dr. Wisfneske

Back 89

Can you be a "little egoist"?
Self-preservation is not egoism

Front 90

Egoism and Capitalism
Difference from psychological and
ethical egoism

Back 90

descriptive as pursuing our self-
interest vs. prescription of what
ought to be
Ethical egoism - incoherent, two-faced
life

Front 91

Egoism and Capitalism
Friendship

Back 91

two-way benefit?
lasts as long as it makes us feel
good?
relationship (self - power place or
mutual relation?

Front 92

Egoism and Capitalism
Ironies (Novak)

Back 92

1. Cut moral values - work to have
vacations
2. Needs/want/desire
3. Politicians - promise and not follow
4. Gov't attracts a greedy class
5. Arts and mass culture - little
choice
6. Envy - players and teachers
7. Taste - mass taste/culture

Front 93

Egoism and Capitalism
Positive views (NOVAK)

Back 93

1. self-interest of everyone (family,
community)
2. Greedy would fail - internal punish.
3. Human sinfulness - ???

Front 94

Subversive Virginity

Back 94

Wanting is not a proper guide for
sexual conduct
Vir. creates respect for + upholds values of women
Virgin sexuality has extraordinary +
unusual power
Sex is anything but serious

Front 95

Utilitarianism
Consequentialist

Back 95

Common value amongs all utilitarian theories. Actions are neither right or wrong, but it depends on its consequences. "The end justify the means."

Front 96

Utilitarianism
Teleological

Back 96

Oriented towards the greatest net happiness for all. Also called "social hedonism".

Front 97

Utilitarianism
vs. ethic egoism or hedonism

Back 97

The feeling of unity - Mo Tzu called "universal love" - is rooted in our characters. The happiness of all sensient beings.

Front 98

Utilitarianism
Right and wrong

Back 98

Greatest happiness principle: actions are right in proportion as they tend to promote happiness, wrong as they tend to produce the reverse of happiness. It should be impartial, each person affected should get equal consideration.

Front 99

Utilitarianism
Rule-utilitarianism

Back 99

or "rule worshipers" (Smart). Should follow the rule in any particular situation.

Front 100

Utilitarianism
Act-utilitarianism

Back 100

morality of particular actions.

Front 101

Utilitarianism
Stuart Mill

Back 101

action is of a class which, if practised generally, would be generally injurious, and that this is the ground of obligation to abstain from it.