Building Systems Final Exam

Front 1

double hung

Back 1

both sashes are operable

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casement window

Back 2

hinged on one side and swings out with a crank, good ventilation

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slider window

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two separate sashes, half opens by sliding. weather tight.

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awning window

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hinges at top and tilts out at bottom. partial ventilation. used above doors or other windows.

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jalousie/louvered window

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great ventilation, poor insulation

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hopper window

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hinges at the bottom/tilts out. used above door or window.

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tilt-turn window

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tilts out for ventilation but can also be opened fully for cleaning. new.

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round-top window

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architectural accent

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bow windows

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several windows side-by-side to create an arc.

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seamless corner window

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offers unobstructed views

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bay window

Back 11

offers unobstructed views

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material & construction options for windows

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1. Wood
2. Vinyl
3. Steel
4. Aluminum
5. Fiberglass
6. Composite

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types of glazing

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float glass, tempered glass, laminated, wire, fire-rated

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float glass

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-most common
-breaks easily
-also known as annealed glass

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Tempered Glass

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- float glass that has been heat treated
- very strong, used as safety glass b/c it shatters instead of breaking

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laminated glass

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- 2 or more layers of glass bonded together
- middle layer holds it together, preventing shattering
-bullet resistant
- can be fire rated

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Wire Glass

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- wire mesh is embedding in the middle of the glass
- primarily used for its fire rating

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Fire Rated Glazing

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some have middle gel layer that serves as a heat retardant.

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Caisson

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box

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Coffer

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- sunken panel in the shape of a square rectangle, or octagon
- found in a ceiling, soffit, or vault
- Caisson = box
- feature of Islamic and Renaissance architecture

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1st concrete structure

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rotunda dome in the Pantheon

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Tin Ceiling

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popular in Victorian era

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Dropped Ceiling

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- creates a plenum space to hide HVAC etc.
- grid work of metal channels in the shape of a T
-can be filled with acoustic tiles
- 2x2 or 2x4
- come in a variety of materials: wood, metal, plastic, or fibers

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sizes of dropped ceiling tiles

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2x2 or 2x4

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materials available in droppedd ceiling

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wood, metal, plastic, or fibers

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SAB

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sound attenuation batts, deaden sound

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pitch

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the angle at which the roof rises from its lowest to highest point

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Roof Elements

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truss, rafter, purlin, girder, joist

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3 common types of trusses

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pitched & parallel & truncated

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pitched truss

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triangular, used for roof construction

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parallel chord truss

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parallel top & bottom truss, used for floors

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truncated truss

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combo of pitched & parallel chord

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plane truss

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all members contained within two planes

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space truss

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members extend in three directions

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rafter

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beam supports the roof, typically made of wood

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purlin

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- horizontal structure member in a roof
- often support finished wall/ sheathing
- support loads from roof deck or sheathing

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girder

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- support beam used in construction, often for other roof members
- often I beams
- main horizontal support for smaller supports

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joist

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- horizontal supporting member running from wall to wall, wall to beam, or beam to beam
- supports ceiling, roof, or floor
- made of steel, wood, or concrete

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3 grades of lumber

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premium, economy, & custom

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3 ways to cut lumber from a tree

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quarter, plain, & rift

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quarter

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cutting the log in quarters and then cutting perpendicular to the diameter line
more uniformly vertical, better, more expensive

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rift

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saw cuts in a radial direction towards the center of the tree
- best, generates the most waste, most expensive

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plain

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(through & through, crown sawn) - cuts the log along one single direction from end to end
most common, least expensive

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5 principal methods of cutting veneer

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1. Rotary slicing
2. Plain slicing
3. Quarter slicing
4. Half-round slicing
5. Rift slicing

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common wood joints for extending timber

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1. half lap
2. finger
3. scarf

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concealing joints

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1. rabbet
2. dado
3. dovetail

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exposing joint

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1. miter
2. shoulder miter
3. splinted miter

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4 Ways to Provide Heat:

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convection, radiation, evaporation, conduction

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convection

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warm air conveys heat

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radiation

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transfers heat energy, sun is an example

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conduction

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transfer of heat through contact

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evaporation

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removes excess heat rather than suppplying more hot air, evaporates moisture and cools

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types of heating systems

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1 - hot water/steam heating
2 - warm air heating
3 - radiant heating
4 - solar heating

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Hot Water/ Steam Heating

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boiler heats water & circulates it through pipes to spaces that require heating. Air is heated naturally as it passes over the radiators or by blowers

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Warm Air Heating

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air is passed over a heating unit in a furnace and heated to a temperature controlled by a thermostat. A fan blows the heated air into spaces.
- can control humidity, simpler if combined with ac systems
- air pollution if filtration is inadequate

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3. Radiant Heating

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- uses pipes to carry heated water or electrically heated wires to floors, walls, or ceilings.

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Passive Solar Heating

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requires a backup system
- dependent on openings, orientation of building, etc.

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Active Solar Heating

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actively gathers heat from sun and redistributes it

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Ventilation

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- provide fresh air to replace stale air, removes dust, pollen, & odors
- very necessary in windowless spaces

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Air Conditioning

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- uses evaporation to cool
- removes heat and discharges it to the outside

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Geothermal heat

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provides heat from water deep in the ground and pumps it up to provide energy

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Acoustical Considerations during Design

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1. Reduce Cost
2. Don't Sacrifice your Design
3. Don't Be Held Liable
4. Design for Optimal Efficienccy and Productivity
5. Protect the Health of the End User
6. Sustainable (noise pollution)

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Reverberation

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- prolongation of the sound in a room caused by continued multiple reflections
- time plays an important role and the ideal time varies greatly depending on the use of the space
- high reverb time results in a buildup of noise in the space

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Reflections

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-the surfaces sound bounces off of before it reaches the receiver
- reverb time and reflections not directly related

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Sound Transmission Class (STC)

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- rates a materials barrier effect
- the higher the number the less sound can be transmitted from space to space

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Noise Reduction Coefficient (NRC)

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rates how much noise a material absorbs
- only rates on an average frequency, not high or low frequencies

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Noise Criteria (NC)

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- pertains to HVAC or mechanical systems impact
- often required for gvmt certification or included in client specs
- standard that describes the relative loudness of a space, examining a range of frequencies.
- illustrates the extent that noise interferes with speech intelligibility

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-Water Systems:
Pipes are made of

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- copper
- brass
- plastic
- steel
- nontoxic materials

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- straight sections of plumbing systems are called

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pipe (cast, thicker) or tube (extruded, thinner)

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joining methods for plumbing:

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-brazing
- compression fitting
- crimping
- solvent welding for plastics

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water pipes made of:

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- polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
- ductile iron
- polyethylene
- copper

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- fittings required in plumbing systems:

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valves, elbows, tees, unions

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flood rim

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level at which water will overflow

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stop or service valve

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a valve on each water supply line before the fixture

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trap

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pipes which curve down and then up; trapping a small amount of water to create a seal, preventing sewer gas from escaping

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drainage system

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traps and drains

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building DRAIN

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indoors

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building SEWER

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outdoors

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venting system

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plumbing vents

Front 80

stack vent/stink pipe

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vent at the top of a stack

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CONTRACT DOCUMENTS

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written documents describing the required materials, execution requirements, & expected workmanship

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Spec Types

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proprietary, reference, performance, descriptive

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PROPRIETARY

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- closed
- most restrictive
- call out specific manufacturer, model #s, finishes, fabrication methods, etc.
- give interior designer complete control
- easy to write
- not good for competitive bidding

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Descriptive

Back 84

- open
- detail written requirements without calling out specific name brands, etc.
- difficult to write b/c it requires all pertinent info

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Reference

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- open
- describe materials, finishes, etc but reference a set of standards
- easy to write, but must be references must be checked to make sure they're up to date

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Performance

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- open
- set criteria and expected performance of specified item
- verified by tests, measurements, etc.
- often used for custom components
- difficult to write b/c designer must know all expected criteria and testing methods