Brain And Cranial Nerves

Front 1

Brain tissue formed from

Back 1

ectoderm

Front 2

Principle parts of the brain

Back 2

1. Cerebrum

2. Diencephelon - thalamus/hypothalamus

3. Brainstem - midbrain, pons, medulla

4. Cerebellum

Front 3

Protection of brain

Back 3

Bone

Meninges (Dura, Arachnoid, Pia Mater)

Dura Mater Extensions (Falx cerebri, Tentorium crebelli, Falx cerebelli)

Front 4

Circle of Willis

Back 4

Arterial blood supply from base of brain

Front 5

Blood brain barrier

Back 5

Protects brain from SOME pathogens/toxins (alcohol and anesthetics can pass, proteins and antibiotics cannot)

Tight junctions, continuous basement membrane, astrocyte processes

Front 6

Cerebrospinal fluid

Back 6

Mechanical protection, chemical protection, and circulation for brain

Acts as a buffer

Ions for action potential

Contains Glucose, Proteins, Ions

Front 7

CSF originates in

Back 7

Choroid plexus (capillaries coverd by ependymal cells)

Front 8

Drainage/flow of CSF

Back 8

Lateral Ventricle --> Intraveticular foramen --> 3rd ventricle --> Cerebral Acqueduct --> 4th ventricle

Front 9

Reabsorption of CSF

Back 9

Through arachnoid villi

Penetrate dural venous sinus

Front 10

Parts of brain not protected by Blood Brain Barrier

Back 10

Hypothalamus, Pituitary gland, Pineal gland, Choroid Plexus

^^endocrine structures - must produce hormones directly into circulation

Front 11

Medulla Oblongata

Back 11

Sensory & motor tracts

Cardiovascular center - heart rate, blood vessel diameter

Respiratory center - rhythm of breathing

Reflex center - coughing, sneezing, swallowing

Sends info in/out of cerebellum

Cranial nerves VIII-XII

Front 12

1st, 2nd, 3rd order neuron

Back 12

1st - comes from receptors

2nd - crosses over (decussates)

3rd - thalamus to brain cortex

Front 13

Olivary nucleus

Back 13

Present in medulla oblongata

neurons send input to cerebellum

Proprioceptive signals

Precision to movements

Front 14

Nucleus gracilis & Nucleus cuneatus

Back 14

Sensory neurons

Info relay from thalamus to opposite side of brain

Front 15

Pons

Back 15

Ascend & Descend white fibers

Control breathing

Motor commands to cerebellum (via peduncles)

Cranial nerves V - VII

Front 16

Midbrain

Back 16

Extends pons - diencephelon

Cerebral acqueduct

cerebral peduncles (mostly motor fibers)

Substantia nigra

Red nucleus

Copora quadrigemina

Front 17

Substantia nigra

Back 17

Midbrain

Helps control subconscious muscle activity

Front 18

Red nucleus

Back 18

Midbrain

Rich blood supply

Coordinates muscle movements (cerebellar input to cortex)

Front 19

Corpora quadrigemina

Back 19

Superior and Inferior colliculi

Coordinate eye movement + visual stimuli

Coordinate head movement + auditory stimuli

Front 20

Reticular Formation

Back 20

Scattered nuclei in medulla, pons, midbrain

alerts cerebral cortex to sensory signals to AWAKE FROM SLEEP

maintains consciousness to KEEP YOU AWAKE

Front 21

Cerebellum

Back 21

STRETCH REFLEXES AND BALANCE

Vermis = central area

Correct voluntary muscle contraction and posture

Sense of equillibrium

Arbor vitae = white matter

Cortec and central nuclei = gray matter

Front 22

Transverse fissure

Back 22

Separates cerebellum and cerebrum

Front 23

Cerebral Peduncles

Back 23

Attach to brainstem

1.Superior 2.Middle 3.Inferior

1. Motor fibers that extends to motor control areas

2. Motor fibers from cerebral cortex to basal ganglia

3. Sensory info from spinal cord

Front 24

Diencephelon

Back 24

Surrounds 3rd ventricle

Superior wall = thalamus

Inferior wall = Hypothalamus

Front 25

Thalamus

Back 25

Relay center for sensory info to cortex

Gray matter

Front 26

Functions of thalamic nuclei

Back 26

Emotions, memory, cognition

Receive impulses from cerebellum or basal ganglia

Relay auditory, visual, taste, somatic impulses

MAIN INTEGRATORS of SENSORY info

Front 27

Hypothalamus

Back 27

Mamilary bodies (relay olfactory relfexes)

Infindibulum

Instructs pituitary gland

Limbic system

Regulates homeostatis (osmotic pressure, blood temp)

Integration Autonomic neurons

Front 28

Limbic system

Back 28

emotion

intense emotion inc. memory

relayed from thalamus

hippocampus

Front 29

Epithalamus

Back 29

Pineal gland

Habenular nuclei

Sleep cycle

Front 30

Pineal gland

Back 30

Secretes melatonin during darkness

promotes sleepiness

Sets biological clock

Front 31

Habenular nuclei

Back 31

Emotional response to odors

Front 32

Subthalamus

Back 32

controls body movements

Front 33

Circumventricular organs

Back 33

Monitors changes in blood chem

Surround organs w.o blood brain barrier (BBB)

Site of entry of HIV into brain --> dementia

Front 34

Cerebrum (cerebral hemispheres)

Back 34

Connected by corpus collosum

Front 35

Insula

Back 35

Contained within lateral fissure of cerebrum

Taste perception

Front 36

Cerebral white matter

Back 36

Association fibers btwn gyri in the SAME hemisphere

Commissural fibers BTWN hemispheres (Corpus collosum)

Projection fibers - ascending/descending tracts

Front 37

Basal nuclei/ganglia

Back 37

Corpus striatum --> caudate nucleus + (lentiform nucleus --> putamen + globus pallidus)

Regulate voluntary motor movement

Suppressed by dopamine

Pyramidal + extrapyramidal pathways

Front 38

Primary somatosensory area

Back 38

postcentral gyrus

Front 39

primary visual area

Back 39

occipital lobe

Front 40

primary auditory area

Back 40

temporal lobe

Front 41

primary gustatory area

Back 41

btwn temporal and parietal lobe

Front 42

primary voluntary motor area

Back 42

precentral gyrus

Front 43

voluntary motor speech area

Back 43

brocas area

Front 44

auditory association area

Back 44

wenicke's area

Front 45

Aphasia

Back 45

Inability to use or conprehend words

Language areas located in left cerebral hemisphere

Front 46

Nonfluent aphasia

Back 46

"Brocas aphasia" (left side brain)

Cannot properly form words but can understand them

Know what want to say but cant speak it

Front 47

Fluent aphasia

Back 47

"Wernicke's aphasia" (Left side brain)

Faulty understanding of spoken (word deafness) or written words (written words)

Can speak but cant understand words

Front 48

Right brain vs. Left brain

Back 48

Right: creativity, facial recognition, emotional content, spacial awareness

Left: Language, scientific/numerical skills, reasoning

Damage right = speech w.o emotional inflection

Damage left = aphasia

Front 49

Electroencephalogram (EEG)

Back 49

Measures brain waves - nerve action potentials in cerebral cortex

Diagnose disorders (ex: epilepsy) or brain death

Front 50

Alpha brain waves

Back 50

Awake and resting

Front 51

Beta brain waves

Back 51

Mental activity

Front 52

Theta brain waves

Back 52

Emotional stress

Front 53

Delta brain waves

Back 53

Deep sleep