Botany Plant Transport

Front 1

Source

Back 1

Where sugar starts

Where it is stored or produced

Front 2

Sink

Back 2

Where sugar ends up

Where it is needed or will be stored

Front 3

Starch

Back 3

It is produced during photosynthesis in leaves

Front 4

Xylem

Back 4

It transports water from roots to leaves

They are dead at maturity

Front 5

Phloem

Back 5

It transports sap (water and sugar) from source to sink

They are alive at maturity but need companion cells

Front 6

Transpiration

Back 6

It is a process that transports water and minerals from roots to leaves

Front 7

Absorption of water at the roots

Capillary action in the xylem vessels

Evaporation at the leaf

Back 7

What are the basic steps in transpiration

Front 8

90%

Back 8

During evaporation at the leaf, how many percent of minerals are evaporated?

Front 9

1. Active transport of minerals into root hairs

2. Diffusion to pericycle

3. Active transport into the vascular cylinder

4. Diffusion into the xylem

Back 9

What is the 4-step process in water and mineral absorption in ROOTS

Front 10

Since they cannot easily penetrate into the epidermal cells

Back 10

Why do roots need an active transportation of minerals into root hairs?

Front 11

Active transport

Back 11

A movement from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration which requires energy

Ex. Facilitated diffusion, osmosis

Front 12

Passive transport

Back 12

A movement without using energy

Ex. Diffusion

Front 13

Casparian strip

Back 13

It controls the water movement into the vascular cylinder of the root

It prevents water to move between cells. Water cells could move by osmosis

Front 14

Microbial helpers

Back 14

Microbes in the soil that help plants absorb nutrients

Ex. Mycorrhizae fungi

Front 15

Mycorrhizae fungi

Back 15

They are microbial helpers that help absorb minerals by extending the surface area over which minerals are absorbed

Front 16

Nodules

Back 16

They have nitrogen-fixing bacteria which helps the plant absorb nitrogen

Front 17

Legumes and alder trees

Back 17

They are associated with nitrogen-fixing bacteria

Front 18

Capillary action

Back 18

the movement of liquid along a surface of a solid caused by the attraction of molecules of the liquid to the molecules of the solid.

Front 19

Capillary action

Back 19

movement of water within the spaces of a porous material due to the forces of adhesion, cohesion, and surface tension.

Front 20

Adhesion

Back 20

Allows water molecules to be attracted and stick to other substances

Water molecules tend to stick to polar surfaces

Front 21

Cohesion

Back 21

Polar water molecules tend to stick together with hydrogen bonds

Front 22

Capillary action

Back 22

Cohesion and adhesion cause water to "crawl" up narrow tubes.

The narrower the tube, the faster the water can rise

Max height: 32 feet

Front 23

Meniscus

Back 23

A manifestation of capillary action by which surface adhesion pulls a liquid up to form a concave

Front 24

Cohesion-Tension Theory

Back 24

It explains the process of water flow upwards through the xylem of plants.

Since cells are small they could easily and fastly move up to the leaves

Cohesion between water molecules creates a "water chain" effect. Thus, as water molecules are removed from the column by evaporation in the leaf, more are drawn up.

Front 25

Osmosis

Back 25

Water lost from the leaves due to transpiration is replaced from the roots by ______

Front 26

Water chain

Back 26

Cohesion of water molecules together and adhesion to xylem wall by hydrogen bonds create _______

Front 27

Pressure differences created by transpiration in roots

Back 27

What creates lower pressure in the roots which draws in more water?

Front 28

Evaporation

Back 28

It occurs at the leaf which keeps the water column moving

It is the strongest force involved in transpiration

Front 29

Guard cells

Back 29

They are around the stomata that are sensitive to light, CO2, and water loss

They expand in response to light and low CO2 levels, and collapse in response to water loss

Front 30

Guard cells

Back 30

When there is a small amount of water in leaves, they stick together and become bigger which closes the stomata or an hole

Front 31

Evaporation and gas exchange occur that keeps photosynthesis and respiration running

Back 31

What happens when the stomata is open?

Front 32

No evaporation and no gas exchange

Photosynthesis and transpiration slow down

Back 32

What happens when the stomata is closed?

Front 33

Aphid helpers

Back 33

They pierce phloem tissue and suck out sap without any problem

Scientists use them to study the flow of sap in phloem

They might kill the wood

White white ha wood

Ex. Milkweed

Front 34

Sap

Back 34

It consists of sugar dissolved in water at high concentrations

Since this is highly concentrated, plants have to use active transport to work against a diffusion gradient as part of the sap-moving process.

Front 35

Nitrogen

Back 35

When the plant is pale or nadarag it lacks ____

Front 36

Leaf chlorosis

Leaf necrosis

Back 36

Sakit hit plant

Front 37

Leaf chlorosis

Back 37

Discoloration of leaves

When leaves produce insufficient chlorophyll. As chlorophyll is responsible for the green color of leaves, chlorotic leaves are yellow, pale, or yellow-whitw

Front 38

Leaf necrosis

Back 38

Death of cells or tissues in plants which form, from dark watery spots on leaves to dry papery spots that may be in black or tan.

Madudunot

Front 39

Phosphorus deficiency

Back 39

It indicates a plant having purplish leaf color

Front 40

Stunting

Wilting

Color changes

Back 40

How to detect when the plant is nutrient deficient?

Front 41

Potassium deficiency

Back 41

It indicates when a is plant having yellowish leaves

Front 42

Pressure flow theory

Back 42

It explains howsap moves in a plant from source to sink.

Sugars begin at a source and are pumped into phloem tube cells.

Osmosis moves water into the cells and raises pressure.

Pressure moves the sap.

Front 43

Pressure flow 1

Back 43

The leaf is a source of sugar, since it makes sugar by photosynthesis. Glucose and fructose made by photosynthesis are linked to make sucrose

Front 44

Pressure flow 2

Back 44

Active transport is used to load sucrose into phloem tubes against a diffusion tradient.

Front 45

Pressure flow 3

Back 45

The high concentration of sucrose in the sieve tube cells of the phloem causes water to move in by osmosis, which raises pressure and causes the sap to move.

Front 46

Pressure flow 4

Back 46

A developing fruit is one example of a sink. Sucrose may be actively transported out of phloem into the fruit cells. In a root, sucrose is converted into starch, which keeps sugar moving in by diffusion.

Front 47

Pressure flow 5

Back 47

As the sugar concentration drops in the sieve tube cells, osmosis moves water out of the tube.

Front 48

Pressure flow 6

Back 48

As water moves out by osmosis, the pressure in the sieve tube cells drops. The pressure difference along the column of sieve tube cells keeps the sap flowing