Botany Genus & Family Terms And Definitions

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Pinaceae

Back 1

Short to tall, typically evergreen, resinous, monoecious trees with opposite or whorl branches
Leaves linear and often needle-like, spirally arranged, typically in fascicles
Male cones small, herbaceous
Female cones usually woody with spirally arranged scales bearing 2 seeds per scale
Seeds often winged; cotyledons several.

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Magnoliidae

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Apocarpous
Gynoecium and numerous stamens in a centripetal sequence (i.e., development from the outside toward the inside or from the apex to the base)
Petals are free
Some with vesselless wood, laminar stamens and more than two cotyledons
Many have volatile oils

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Aristolochiaceae

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Herbs, shrubs or woody vines
Leaves alternate, simple, often cordate, estipulate
CA or z 3 rarely 4 C0-0(3) A4-many GI(3-6); fruits capsules

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Nymphaeaceae

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Aquatic herbs with long-petioled floating leaves arising from stout rhizomes and long-peduncled flowers bearing numerous parts

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Ranunculaceae

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Herbs with bisexual flowers of numerous spirally arranged parts
Leaves usually alternate, simple or compound, estipulate
CA3-many C00-many A-many GS3-many; fruits achenes follicles, berries, rarely capsules
Ca 50 genera, 2000 species

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Berberidaceae

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Herbs or shrubs with biseriate stamens opposite the petals and anthers dehiscing by flaps
Leaves alternate, simple or compound, generally estipulate
CA6-9, usually 3+3 C06-9, usually 3+3 A6(4-18) GS(2-3); fruits berries

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Papaveraceae

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Herbs with milky or colored sap, bisexual flowers with deciduous sepals and numerous stamens in several whorls
Leaves alternate or basal, simple or compound, estipulate
CA2-4 C04or6(8, 12, 16, or 0) A-many GS(2-many); fruits capsules

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Fumariaceae

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Herbs with watery sap, generally dissected leaves and zygomorphic flowers with deciduous sepals, paired petals and a compound ovary
Leaves alternate or basal, simple or compound, estipulate
CA2 COz2+2 A6 GS(2); fruits capsules or nuts

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Pinus

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Needles fascicled in groups of 2-5 (sometimes 1)
Female cones with scales exceeding bracts, woody and persistent

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Picea

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Needles square in cross section, stiff with sharp tips, attached singly, spirally arranged
Branch rough when needles are removed
Cones pendant, with persistent scales much exceeding the bracts; scales jagged, thin and hanging down

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Abies

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Needles flat, single, not in fascicles, 2-ranked, sometime spirally arranged
Attached directly to the twigs, leaving a round, smooth scar upon falling
Ovulate cones erect

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Tsuga

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Needles flat, short petiolate , attached on opposite sides of the branches
Twigs rough when leaves are removed
Cones pendulous and terminal on the branches

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Pseudotsuga

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Needles flat on short stalks that leave an oval scar on the branch when removed
Cones pendulous near the ends of branches, with conspicuous 3-lobed bracts extending beyond the scales

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Cupressaceae

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Low and spreading shrubs to small trees, evergreen, monoecious or dioecious
Leaves decussate or in whorls, often needle-like in juvenile vegetation
Cones small, solitary, axillary or terminal on short shoots, woody, leathery or berry-like, the cone-scales opposite or in whorls of 3s, the ovules usually several per scale; cotyledons usually 2.

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Juniperus

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Leaves scale-like or subulate , dimorphic
Ovulate cone forming an indehiscent, usually colored berry-like “fruit” with 1-10 seeds

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Thuja

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Leaves small, almost scale-like, decussate
Twigs and leaves occur in flattened sprigs that are typically aligned vertically
Ovulate cones more or less rose-bud shaped (or bell-shaped), with flexible scales

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Chamaecyparis

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Leaves small, scale-like, sharp-pointed and decussate, in flattened, fan-like sprays
Ovulate cones globose , with hard or leathery scales
Leaves small and scale-like, flattened
Branches flattened into fan-like sprays
Ovulate cones duck-bill shaped ( urceolate ), stalked and at the end of lateral branches

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Taxaceae

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Low and spreading shrubs to small trees, evergreen, monoecious or dioecious
Leaves linear, needle-like, spirally arranged
Microsporangiophores small cones, scale-like or peltate with 2-8 pollen-sacs; megasporangiophores fleshy "cones" with decussate bracts and a single ovule, arillate ; cotyledons 2.

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Taxus

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Leaves linear and flattened, usually spirally arranged
Seed surrounded by a bright red aril

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equisetaceae

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Rhizomatous perennials with upright annual or perennial stems
Stems jointed and hollow overlaid with silica
Leaves small, not photosynthetic, forming a sheath at each node
Branches in whorls
Sperm multiflagellate

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Lycopodiaceae

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Lack true roots
Leaves small, crowded
homosporous with sporangia borne on sporophylls and frequently clustered in terminal strobili
Gametophytes bisexual, subterranean and mycotrophic or above ground and photosynthetic
sporophyls similar to the vegitative leaves or modified

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Lycopodium

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With Charaters of Lycopodiaceae

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Hamamelidae

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the smallest subclass and filled wiht isolated, reictual families. Flowers often unisexual and arranged in catkins. the seeds are never numerous or the placentation parietal. The pollen usually small, smooth and windborne.

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Myricaceae

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Shrubs or trees with flowers in unisexual spikes
Leaves alternate, punctate, aromatic usually estupilate

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Urticaceae

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Trees or herbs occasionally with stinging hairs, cymose inflorescences on short axillary shoots of numerous flowers and a unilocular ovary with a single style

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Fagaceae

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Trees or shrubs with unisexual flowers and the fruit subtended by a cupule
Leaves alternate, simple, stipulate

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Betulaceae

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Deciduous trees or Shrubs with staminate flowers in catkins
leaves alternate, simple, serrate

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Dilleniidae

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A more advanced group than the Mgnoliidae, its ovary is generally syncarpous, the stamens are numerous and arranged centrifugally. Some have parietal placentation and some are sympetalous and a few even with epiptalous stamens.

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Clusiaceae

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St Johns Wort
Herbs, shrubs or trees with yellow flowers and numerous stamens.
Leaves opposite, often glandular - doted (punctate - can see holes)

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Malvaceae

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Herbs or shrubs with stellate pubescence, frequently showy flowers and stamens united by the filaments and a pistil of many carpels.
Leaves alternate, palmately _ veined, usually stipulate

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Sarraceniaceae

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Insectivorous perennial herbs, with bisexual, actinomorphic flowers and a style forming and umbrella like structure
Leaves basal, tubular or vaselike

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Violaceae

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herbs, shrubs or small trees with zygomorphic 5-merous flowers bearing a spur and 5 stamens
Leaves usually alternate, simple or compound, stipulate

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Cucurbitaceae

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Herbs with tendril-bearing vines, generally yellow, unisexual flowers and an inferior ovary
Leaves alternate, often lobed, estipulate

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Salicaceae

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Deciduous, dioecious, catkin bearing trees or shrubs with tufted seeds
Leaves usually alternate, simple, stipules are frequentlyfragile

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Brassicaceae

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herbs with odorous, watery juice, 4 sepals and petals (frequently clawed) 6 stamens (tetradynamous)

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Ericaceae

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Mostly Woody shrubs, with evergreen or deciduous leaves and urceolate or campanuate flowers bearing distinct stamens often twice the number as the petals, the flowers are usually polypetalous, rarely sympetalous

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Primulaceae

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Herbs with opposite, whorled or basal leaves, 5 merous flowers bearing united petals and 5 stamens opposite them, the numerous seeds with free central placentation

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Caryophyllidae

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plants with bitegmic, crassinucellarr ovules with either betalains instead of anthocyanins, or free central or basal placentation in compound ovary. Most are herbaceous and those that are woody have anomalous secondary growth.

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Chenopodiaceae

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Herbs or shrubs often succulent, halophytic and farinose with small greenish flowers not subtended by dry, scarious papery bracts

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Portulaceae

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herbs with fleshy leaves, 2 typically persistent sepals, frequently deciduous petals and unilocular ovary bearing 2-5 styles
Leaves alternate or opposite, simple estipulate or with mmbranous

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Caryophyllaceae

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herbs with swollen nodes and opposite leaves, the pistil free-central and the petals frequently "pinked"

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Polygonaceae

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herbs or sometimes shrubs or trees with swollen nodes, nodal pcrea or if not then with flowrs in involucreated heads, petaloid calyx segments and achenes
Sheathing (ocrea)

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Rosidae

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The stamens, when numerous, are usually initiated in a centripital sequence. Placentation s usually axile or marginal, seldom free-central or unilocular and basal

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Grossulariaceae

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shrubs or trees, often spiny, with 5 merous flowes a petaloid calyx and an inferior ovary
often deeply lobed

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Crassulaceae

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Succulent herbs or subshrubs with 4 or 5 merous flowers and carpels the same number as the petals

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Saxifragaceae

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perennial herbs with perigynous, 5 merous flowers
Leaves alternate, simple or compound, usually estipulate

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Rosaceae

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Herbs, shrubs or trees with actinomorphis flowers with 5 sepals and petals and numerous stamsns typically with a hypanthium
leaves usually alternate and stipulate, often serrate

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Fabaceae

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Trees, shrubs or herbs with papilionaceae flowers bearing 10 stamens
Leaves pinnately or palmately compound or simple, alternate

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Onagraceae

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herbs with 4 merous, rarely 2 merous flowers with a hypanthiuma nd an inferior ovary

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Cornaceae

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Dog Wood Family
Trees, shrubs or rarely perennial herbs with 4 or 5 merous flowers and the stamens alternating with the petals and an inferior ovary

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Santalaceae

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herbs, shrubs or trees usually semiparasitic on root of hosts with flowers solitary or in variable cymes or racemes

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Viscaceae

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Herbaceous or shrubby parsites with flowers in small cymes or spikes
Leaves opposite mostly green and photosynthetic, sometimes greatly reduced

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Viscaceae

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Harbaceous or shrubby parasites with flowers in small cymes or spikes

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Celastraceae

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Shrubs, lianas or trees with flowers typically in cymose clusters
Leaves opposite or alternate, simple stipules small and deciduous or absent

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Euphorbiaceae

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herbs, shrubs or trees often with milky sap and unisexual flowers bearing a superior, usually trilocular ovary

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Rhamnaceae

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Shrubs or trees with flowers in cymes, umbels, spikes. capitula, or panicles, frequently with a disc. In many of ours the petals are dipper shaped
Leaves alternate or opposite, stipulate

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Aceraceae

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Maple
Trees and shrubs with actinomorphic flowers with a disc and a winged schizocarp
Leaves opposite, simple or compound with palmate venation, esipulate

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Anacardiaceae

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Resinous trees or shrubs with, 5 merous actinomorphic flowers and a unilocular ovary
Leaves usually alternate, simple or compound with pinnate venation

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Oxalidaceae

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herbs or shrubs with 5 merous flowers and 10 basal united stamens with 5 styles
Leaves alternate or basal, generally palmately compound, estipulate or with very small stipules

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Geraniaceae

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Herbs or subshrubs with 5 merous flowers bearing stamens with basally united filaments and frequently clawed petals
Leaves alternate or opposite, simple or compound, usually stipulate

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Araliaceae

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Herbs, shrubs, vines or trees with small actinomorphic flowers arranged in simple umbels
Leaves often large, simple and lobed or compound, alternate, stipules small

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Apiaceae

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Frequently odorous herbs often with hollow stems and 5 merous flowers born in generally compound umbels. Two one-seeded mericarps collectively form a schizocarp, these are often variously ribbed or winged

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Asteridae

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Most have sympetalous flowers and epipetalous stamens that alternate with and are the same number or fewer than the corolla lobes.

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Gentianaceae

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herbs, rarely shrubs, with 4 or 5 merous flowers bearing 4-5 stamens alternating with the petals and a bicarpellate superior ovary
Leaves opposite, basally connate, estipulate

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Apocynaceae

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Trees, shrubs or herbs with milky sap and 5 merous flowers producing tufted seeds
Leaves opposite or whorled, estipulate

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Asclepiadaceae

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Milk weed
herbs or shrubs with milky sap and 5 merous flowers with a distinct corona, pollinia, translators and corpuscula

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Solanaceae

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Herbs, shrubs, vines or trees with actinomorphic 5 merous flowers with 5 stamens and a 2 locular ovary
rarely pinnatisect
Tomato, potato, chili and bell peppers

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Convolvulaceae

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Morning Glory
herbs, shrubs with the sap somewhat milky 5 merous flowers and a contorted corolla (twisted in bud) with 5 epipetalous stamens ans a 2 carpellate ovary with 1-2 ovules

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Cuscutaceae

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Achlorophyllous thread like, leafless twining parasitic herbs with small flowers in stalked or sessile bractless clusters

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Polemoniaceae

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Herbs or shrubs with 5 merous flowers consisting of a united calyx and a united corolla bearing 5 stamens attached to the corolla lobes at various levels and 3 stigmas

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Hydrophyllaceae

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Herbs with 5 merous flowers in helicoid cymes, fused sepals and petals a bicarpellate unilocular ovary and typically exserted stamens
Leaves alternate or basal (rarely opposite) entire or divided

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Boraginaceae

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Frequently hispid herbs, shrubs, vines or trees with 5 merous flowers in helicoid cymes, usully actinomorphic and bearing a 4 lobed, bicarpellate ovary with the style arising from among the lobes resulting in 4 nutlets and typically included stamens

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Lamiaceae

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Herbs or shrubs with 4 angled stems, 5 merous zygomorphic, typically bilabiate flowers with a deeply 4 lobed ovary bearing a basally attached style frequently arranged in verticillasters

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Plantaginaceae

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Typically scapose herbs, rarely shrubs, with small flowers arranged in spicate or capitate inflorescences bearing 4 merous flowers with a membranous corolla and generally exserted stamens

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Oleaceae

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Ash Family
Lianas with 4-merous flowers bearing 2 stamens and a 2 locular ovary with 2 seeds in each locule

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Scrophulariaceae

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Herbs or shrubs (sometimes semiparasitic) with 5 merous, zygomorphic, bilabiate flowers bearing 2 or 4 functional stamens and a staminode a 2-locular ovary with a terminal style and numerous ovules

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Orobanchaceae

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Achlorophyllous, parasitic herbs with perfect flowers
Leaves scale like, alternate, estipulate

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Lentibulariace

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Herbs mostly insectivorous with some aquatic
Leaves alternate or basal often dimorphic and elaborate with air bladders

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Campanulaceae

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Herbs rarely shrubs or small trees with showy, bisexual actinomorphic or zygomorphic, epigynous 5 merous flowers with epipetalous stamens and a capsular fruit

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Rubiaceae

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Herbs, shrubs, trees or lianas with 4 or 5 merous flowers with as many stamens as corolla lobes and alternate with them on an inferior, bilocular ovary

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Caprifoliaceae

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Herbs, shrubs or sometimes lianas with 4 or 5 merous flowers, epigynous flowers and a multicarpellate inferior ovary