2.1. Substitution of herbal drugs
Pratinidhi is a unique concept about the practice of substitute a herbal drug in the absence of an original drug (Murthy, 2004; Sharma, 2007). The word ‘Pratinidhi’ means representation, substitute or vicegerent (Apte, 2006). The concept of ‘Pratinidhi dravyas’ (Drug substitutes) can be traced from the ancient works like Bhavaprakasha by Bhavmishra in 16th century, Yogaratnakara by an unknown author in 17th century and Bhaishajya ratnavali by Govind Das in 14th century. Details of more than 60 ‘Pratinidhi dravyas’ were described in Bhavaprakasha, more than 70 in Yogaratnakara, and about 75 in Bhaishajya Ratnavali, and later on in Ayurveda Sarasamgraha, more than 110 Pratinidhi dravyas were described (Vaghela et al., 2013). Herbal drug substitution and details of the original and substitute drugs were well documented in the ‘Mishrak Prakran’ of ‘Poorvankhanda’ and ‘Nighantu’, part of Bhavprakasha. In his work, Bhavmishra had followed the tradition of Samhita and included several drugs for the treatment of diseases of that period. The ‘Abhava pratinidhi dravya’ listed in Bhavaprakasha includes 47 drugs of plant origin, 2 drugs of animal origin, 7 drugs of minerals-metals origin and 5 food materials (Giri, 2013). Almost all the ‘Abhava Pratinidhi dravyas’ mentioned in Bhavaprakasha are taxonomically different as they belong to different families or species. List of some of the important and common ‘Abhavapratinidhi dravyas’ mentioned in Bhavaprakasha are represented in Table 1. Table. 1. List of some important herbal drugs and their substitutes according to Bhavaprakasha (adopted and modified from Sastry, 2002; Chunekar, 2004; Giri et al., 2013) No. Original drug Family Parts used Substitue drug Family Parts used 1 Plumbago zeylanica Plumbaginaceae Root bark/Root Balliospermum montanum Euphorbiaceae Roots 2 Alhagi camerlorum Fabaceae Whole plant Fagonia arabica Zygophyllaceae Whole plant 3 Valeriana wallichii Valerianaceae Root Saussurea lappa Asteraceae Root 4 Marsdenia tenacissima Asclepiadaceae Root Odina woodier Anacardiaceae Stem Bark 5 Capparis sepiaria Cappaaceae Root Alocasia indica Araceae Rhizome/Corm 6 Solanum xanthocarpum Solanaceae Root, Whole plant Adiantum caudatum Polypodiaceae Whole plant 7 Mimusops elenji Sapotaceae Flower, Bark Nelumbo speciosum Nymphaceae Flower 8 Nymphea pubescens Nymphaeceae Flower, Stamens Nelumbo speciosum Nymphaeceae Flower 9 Nymphea stellata Nymphaeceae Flower, Stamens Nymphea alba Nymphaeceae Flower, Stamen 10 Myristica fragrans Myristicaceae Fruit aril Syzygium aromaticum Myrtaceae Flower bud 11 Calotropis gigantea Asclepiadaceae Latex Calotropis gigantea Asclepiadaceae Leave juice 12 Inula racemosa Asteraceae Root Saussurea lappa Asteraceae Root 13 Piper chaba Piperaceae Root Piper longum Piperaceae Root 14 Psoralea corylifolia Fabaceae Seeds, Seed oil Cassia tora Caesalpiniaceae Fruit 15 Berberis aristata Berberidaceae Stem-Bark Curcuma longa Zingeberaceae Rhizome 16 Clerodendrum serratum Verbenaceae Roots Abies webbiana Pinaceae Leaves 17 Garcinia pedunculata Guttiferae/Clusiaceae Fruit Rumex vesicarius Polygonaceae Leaves 18 Vitis vinifera Vitaceae Fruit Gmelina arborea Verbinaceae Fruit 19 Piper cubeba Piperaceae Fruit Cyperus rotundus Cyperaceae Tubers 20 Crocus sativus Iridaceae Stamen/Stigma Carthamus tinctorius Asteraceae Fresh Flower 21 Santalum album Santalaceae Heartwood Cinnamomum camphora Lauraceae Extract 22 Santalum album Santalaceae Heartwood Pterocarpus santalinus Fabaceae Heart wood 23 Pterocarpus santalinus Fabaceae Heart wood Vetiveria zizanoides Poaceae Fresh fibrous root 24 Aconitum heterophyllum Ranunculaceae Tuberous root Cyperus rotundus Cyperaceae Tuberous root 25 Terminalia chebula Combreteceae Fruit pulp Emblica offcinalis Euphorbiaceae Fruit pulp 26 Mesua ferrea Guttiferae/Clusiaceae Flower, Stamen Nelumbium speciosum …show more content…
Plumbago zeylanica – Root
2.2.1. Aconitum heterophyllum Wall. ex Royle
It is an important endangered medicinal herb seen in temperate regions and the alpine regions of Himalayas. The taxonomic position of the plant is as shown below.
Kingdom: Plantae
Division: Angiospermae
Class: Dicotyledonae
Order: Ranunculales
Family: Ranunculaceae
S. Family: Ranunculoideae
Genus: Aconitum
Species: heterophyllum
Regional Names
Bengali: Ataicha
English: Atis root
Hindi: Atis
Kannada: Ativisa
Malayalam: Ativitayam
Tamil: Atividayam
Telugu: Ativasa
2.2.1.1 Botanical description
The morphology and distribution of this plant have been reported by many workers (Kirtikar and Basu, 1975; Prajapati et al., 2007; Nautial et al., 2009 and Jabeen et al., 2010).
A few branched biennial herb with paired tuberous roots and erect stem (30-70 cm height). Branches arising from the lower side; stem glabrous below; finely pubescent in the upper part with short internodes. Leaves heteromorphous, mostly glabrous; the upper ones sparingly pubescent with a few very short crispate hairs. The lowermost leaves on fruiting branches orbicular-cordate to ovate-cordate in outline with long petioles; upper leaves sessile or with short petioles. Inflorescence a slender,
Pratinidhi is a unique concept about the practice of substitute a herbal drug in the absence of an original drug (Murthy, 2004; Sharma, 2007). The word ‘Pratinidhi’ means representation, substitute or vicegerent (Apte, 2006). The concept of ‘Pratinidhi dravyas’ (Drug substitutes) can be traced from the ancient works like Bhavaprakasha by Bhavmishra in 16th century, Yogaratnakara by an unknown author in 17th century and Bhaishajya ratnavali by Govind Das in 14th century. Details of more than 60 ‘Pratinidhi dravyas’ were described in Bhavaprakasha, more than 70 in Yogaratnakara, and about 75 in Bhaishajya Ratnavali, and later on in Ayurveda Sarasamgraha, more than 110 Pratinidhi dravyas were described (Vaghela et al., 2013). Herbal drug substitution and details of the original and substitute drugs were well documented in the ‘Mishrak Prakran’ of ‘Poorvankhanda’ and ‘Nighantu’, part of Bhavprakasha. In his work, Bhavmishra had followed the tradition of Samhita and included several drugs for the treatment of diseases of that period. The ‘Abhava pratinidhi dravya’ listed in Bhavaprakasha includes 47 drugs of plant origin, 2 drugs of animal origin, 7 drugs of minerals-metals origin and 5 food materials (Giri, 2013). Almost all the ‘Abhava Pratinidhi dravyas’ mentioned in Bhavaprakasha are taxonomically different as they belong to different families or species. List of some of the important and common ‘Abhavapratinidhi dravyas’ mentioned in Bhavaprakasha are represented in Table 1. Table. 1. List of some important herbal drugs and their substitutes according to Bhavaprakasha (adopted and modified from Sastry, 2002; Chunekar, 2004; Giri et al., 2013) No. Original drug Family Parts used Substitue drug Family Parts used 1 Plumbago zeylanica Plumbaginaceae Root bark/Root Balliospermum montanum Euphorbiaceae Roots 2 Alhagi camerlorum Fabaceae Whole plant Fagonia arabica Zygophyllaceae Whole plant 3 Valeriana wallichii Valerianaceae Root Saussurea lappa Asteraceae Root 4 Marsdenia tenacissima Asclepiadaceae Root Odina woodier Anacardiaceae Stem Bark 5 Capparis sepiaria Cappaaceae Root Alocasia indica Araceae Rhizome/Corm 6 Solanum xanthocarpum Solanaceae Root, Whole plant Adiantum caudatum Polypodiaceae Whole plant 7 Mimusops elenji Sapotaceae Flower, Bark Nelumbo speciosum Nymphaceae Flower 8 Nymphea pubescens Nymphaeceae Flower, Stamens Nelumbo speciosum Nymphaeceae Flower 9 Nymphea stellata Nymphaeceae Flower, Stamens Nymphea alba Nymphaeceae Flower, Stamen 10 Myristica fragrans Myristicaceae Fruit aril Syzygium aromaticum Myrtaceae Flower bud 11 Calotropis gigantea Asclepiadaceae Latex Calotropis gigantea Asclepiadaceae Leave juice 12 Inula racemosa Asteraceae Root Saussurea lappa Asteraceae Root 13 Piper chaba Piperaceae Root Piper longum Piperaceae Root 14 Psoralea corylifolia Fabaceae Seeds, Seed oil Cassia tora Caesalpiniaceae Fruit 15 Berberis aristata Berberidaceae Stem-Bark Curcuma longa Zingeberaceae Rhizome 16 Clerodendrum serratum Verbenaceae Roots Abies webbiana Pinaceae Leaves 17 Garcinia pedunculata Guttiferae/Clusiaceae Fruit Rumex vesicarius Polygonaceae Leaves 18 Vitis vinifera Vitaceae Fruit Gmelina arborea Verbinaceae Fruit 19 Piper cubeba Piperaceae Fruit Cyperus rotundus Cyperaceae Tubers 20 Crocus sativus Iridaceae Stamen/Stigma Carthamus tinctorius Asteraceae Fresh Flower 21 Santalum album Santalaceae Heartwood Cinnamomum camphora Lauraceae Extract 22 Santalum album Santalaceae Heartwood Pterocarpus santalinus Fabaceae Heart wood 23 Pterocarpus santalinus Fabaceae Heart wood Vetiveria zizanoides Poaceae Fresh fibrous root 24 Aconitum heterophyllum Ranunculaceae Tuberous root Cyperus rotundus Cyperaceae Tuberous root 25 Terminalia chebula Combreteceae Fruit pulp Emblica offcinalis Euphorbiaceae Fruit pulp 26 Mesua ferrea Guttiferae/Clusiaceae Flower, Stamen Nelumbium speciosum …show more content…
Plumbago zeylanica – Root
2.2.1. Aconitum heterophyllum Wall. ex Royle
It is an important endangered medicinal herb seen in temperate regions and the alpine regions of Himalayas. The taxonomic position of the plant is as shown below.
Kingdom: Plantae
Division: Angiospermae
Class: Dicotyledonae
Order: Ranunculales
Family: Ranunculaceae
S. Family: Ranunculoideae
Genus: Aconitum
Species: heterophyllum
Regional Names
Bengali: Ataicha
English: Atis root
Hindi: Atis
Kannada: Ativisa
Malayalam: Ativitayam
Tamil: Atividayam
Telugu: Ativasa
2.2.1.1 Botanical description
The morphology and distribution of this plant have been reported by many workers (Kirtikar and Basu, 1975; Prajapati et al., 2007; Nautial et al., 2009 and Jabeen et al., 2010).
A few branched biennial herb with paired tuberous roots and erect stem (30-70 cm height). Branches arising from the lower side; stem glabrous below; finely pubescent in the upper part with short internodes. Leaves heteromorphous, mostly glabrous; the upper ones sparingly pubescent with a few very short crispate hairs. The lowermost leaves on fruiting branches orbicular-cordate to ovate-cordate in outline with long petioles; upper leaves sessile or with short petioles. Inflorescence a slender,