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33 Cards in this Set
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p194 |
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Acute Renal Failure (ARF) |
▪Sudden decline in renal function ▪Increase in BUN and creatinine ▪Oliguria, hyperkalemia, sodium retention ▪Prerenal etiology is secondary to a decrease in blood flow typically due to shock, hemorrhage, burn or pulmonary embolism ▪Postrenal etiology is secondary to obstruction distal to the kidney due to neoplasm, kidney stone or prostate hypertrophy ▪Intrarenal etiology is secondary to primary damage of renal tissue due to toxins, intrarenal ischemia or vascular disorders |
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Chronic Renal Failure (CRF) |
▪Progressive deterioration in renal function ▪Diabetes mellitus ▪Severe hypertension ▪Glomerulopathies ▪Obstructive uropathy ▪Interstitial nephritis ▪ Polycystic kidney disease |
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renal failure signs and treatment ARF CRF |
Signs and symptoms Symptoms of acute and chronic renal failure can include nausea, vomiting, lethargy, weakness, anorexia, ulceration within the GI tract, sleep disorders, headache, peripheral neuropathy, anemia, pruritus, ecchymosis, pulmonary edema, seizures, and coma. Treatment ▪Treatment of ARF includes management of primary etiology, pharmacological intervention, diuretics, nutritional support, hydration, hemodialysis and or transfusions if applicable.
▪Treatment of CRF includes conservative management and renal replacement therapy. Nutritional support, hydration, and pharmacological intervention are usually the primary basis of intervention |
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Overactive Bladders Agents |
Action: relieve symptoms of an overactive bladder Indications: urinary urgency; urinary frequency; urge incontinence; nocturia Side effects: gastrointestinal distress, nausea, dizziness, photosensitivity, headache; constipation, pulmonary reactions |
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Urinary Anti-infective Agents |
Action: treat urinary infections Indications: cystitis, urinary urgency, burning with urination, known urinary tract infection; nocturia Side effects: gastrointestinal distress, nausea, dizziness, photosensitivity, headache, constipation, rash |
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cancer prevention |
1° prevention ▪Screening for high risk population ▪Elimination of modifiable risk factors ▪Use of natural agents (i e., teas, vitamins) to prevent cancer ▪Cancer vaccine 2° prevention▪Early detection ▪ Selective preventative pharmacologica agents (e.g., Tamoxifen) ▪Multifactorial risk reduction 3° prevention▪ Prevent disability that can occur secondary to cancer and its treatment ▪ Manage symptoms ▪Limit complications |
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Ankylosing Spondylitis |
▪Systemic condition characterized by inflammation of the spine and the larger peripheral joints ▪Males are at two to three times greater risk than females with peak onset observed between 20-40 years of age ▪Clinical presentation initially includes recurrent and insidious onset of back pain, morning stiffness, and impared spinal extension |
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Arterial Insufficiency Ulcer
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▪Characterized by the narrowing of arterial vessels that impedes the delivery of oxygenated blood to tissues ▪Peripheral artery diseases typically linked to the development of arterial insufficiency ulcers, risk factors include atherosclerosis, hypertension, obesity, diabetes mellitus, and smoking ▪Typically heal by secondary intention with adequate blood supply and wound healing interventions |
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Cellulitis |
▪Refers to a noncontagious bacterial skin infection occurring in the dermal and subcutaneous layers ▪Typically presents with visible signs of inflammation including localized redness, warmth, tenderness, and edema that progressively worsens ▪Early detection and treatment are vital in reducing complications and systemic infection; untreated cellulitis can spread, causing potentially fatal septicemia |
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Complex Regional Pain Syndrome |
▪Increase in sympathetic activity causes a release of norepinephrine In the periphery and subsequent vasoconstriction of blood vessels resulting in pain and an increase in sensitivity to peripheral stimulation ▪Affects all age groups, but is most likelly found n Individuals 35-60 years of age with females being three times more likely to be affected than males ▪Patients experience intense burning and chronic pain in the affected extremity that eventually spreads in a proximal direction |
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Crohn's Disease |
A specific form of inflammatory bowel disease in which the lining of the gastrointestinal (Gi) tract becomes abnormally inflamed ▪Typical signs and symptoms range from mild to significantly debilitating to life- threatening ▪Symptoms may develop gradually or rapidly and typically include abdominal pain. cramping, diarrhea, blood in the stool, GI tract ulcers, diminished appetite, and weight loss |
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Cushing's Syndrome
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▪Results from abnormally high levels of cortisol which may occur due to endogenous overproduction of cortisol or excessive exogenous use of corticosteroids ▪Typically present with hallmark physical signs including weight gain, purple striae, and a ruddy complexion ▪ May be diagnosed by laboratory analysis of cortisol levels in urine saliva or blood |
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Diabetes Mellitus (Type I ) |
▪Insulin is functionaly absent due to the destruction of the beta cells of the pancreas, where the insulin would normally be produced; ▪Starts in children ages four years or older, with the peak incidence of onset coinciding with early adolescence and puberty ▪Common symptoms include polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia; nausea, weight loss, fatigue, blurred vision, and dehydration |
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Diabetes Mellitus (Type 2)
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▪Characterized by an inappropriate celular response to insulin, preventing adequate absorption of blood glucose , excess blood glucose results in a persistent hyperglycemic state ▪ May develop slowly prior to showing initial symptoms that can include polyidipsia, polyuria, blurred vision, delayed healing, frequent infections, and acanthosis nigricans ▪ Medical management is typically focused on lifestyle changes and pharmaceutical intervention through various oral or injectable pharmacological agents |
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Fibromyalgia Syndrome . |
▪Nonarticular rheumatic condition with pain caused by tender points within muscles, tendons, and ligaments ▪Greater incidence in females (almost 75% of the cases) potentially affecting any age ▪Widespread history of pain that exists in all four quadrants of the body (above and below the waist), axial pain is present, and there is pain in at least 11 of 18 standardized 'tender point sites |
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full thickness burn |
▪Burn causes immediate cellular and tissue death and subsequent vascular destruction
▪Eschar forms from necrotic Cells and creates a dry and hard layer that requires debridement
▪ Absent sensation and pain due to destruction of free nerve endings, however there may be pain from adjacent areas that experience partial-thickness burns |
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Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)
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▪refers to the abnormal movement of partially digested solids; liquids, and gastric acid from the stomach into the esophagus ▪Most common complaints include heartburn, acid reflux, nausea after eating,and feeling as though food remains trapped in the esophagus ▪Typically diagnosed by reported symptoms and physical examination with additional testing for patients who do not respond to initial treatment |
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Gouts |
▪Considered a complex form of arthritis resulting from an abnormally high uric acid level (hyperuncemia) in the body ▪Greater prevalence among males with the great toe, knee, and ankle being the most commonly affected joints; may present as a chronic condition or a series of acute attacks ▪Identification of uric acid crystals in synovial fluid, collected via synovial biopsy, may be used to confirm the diagnosis |
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Graves' Disease |
▪Most common form of hyperactive thyroid disorder and is the result of an autoimmune attack on the thyroid gland causing overproduction ofthe hormone thyroxine (T4) ▪General complaints may include heat intolerance, increased appetite, increased sweating, frequent bowel movements; physical fatigue, weakness, tremor, weight loss, and insomnia ▪Typically responds well to pharmacological intervention that regulates T4 hormone production |
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Herpes Zoster (Shingles) |
▪Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) is responsible for outbreaks of "chickenpox ' in children and herpes zoster "shingles" in adults ▪Highly contagious especially to patients with a compromised immune system with a unilateral painful itching or burning ser-satton ▪Symptoms typically be caused by the virus' initial attack on the nerve fibers |
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Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
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▪Primary risk factors for contracting HIV include unprotected sexual relations intravenous drug use or mother to fetus transmission ▪Without treatment, HIV advances in three stages: 1) acute HIV infection, 2) clinica latency, and 3) AIDS (acquired immunodifciency syndrome) ▪Leading cause of death for patients with the virus is kidney failure secondary to the extended drug therapies |
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Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis (JRA)
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▪Autoimmune disorder found in children less than 16 years of age that occurs when the immune Cells mistakenly begin to attack the joints and organs causing local and systemic effects throughout the body ▪Girls have a higher incidence of JRA and are most commonly diagnosed as toddlers or in early adolescence ▪Clinical symptoms include persisten Joint swelling, pain, and stiffness
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Lymphedema Post-Mastectomy
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▪Caused by an excess load of lymph fluid or inadequate transport capacity within the lymphatic system secondary to the loss of homeostasis ▪Primary contributing factor in the development of lymphedema to following a mastectomy is the damage and/or removal of the axillary lymph nodes and vessels ▪Intervention should focus on manual lymph drainage, short stretch compression bandages, retrograde massage, exercise, compression therapy, and use of a mechanical pump |
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Neuropathic Ulcer
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▪Occurs most frequently in the diabetic population and is often referred to as a diabetic ulcer ▪At-risk areas include those that are routinely subjected to pressure during normal weight bearing, atypical stresses due to structural changes or improper fitting footwear ▪Will typically heal by secondary intention with appropriate wound healing Interventions and the absence of complications (e.g., infection, severe arteria Insufficiency) |
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Osteoporosis |
▪Metabolic bone disorder where the. rate of bone resorption accelerates while the rate of bone formation slows down ▪Patients may compain of low thoracic or lumbar pain and experience compression fractures of the vertebrae ▪Bone mineral density test accounts for 70% of bone strength and is the easiest way to determine osteoporosis |
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Partial-Thickness Burn
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▪supperfical partial burn ▪supperfical partial burn involves the epidermis and upper portion of the dermis, deep partial-thickness burn involves the epidermis, majority of the dermis and structures within the dermis ▪superficial is characterized by a red color that will blanch when touched; deep, partial-thickness burn is characterized by red discoloration however. it will not blanch ▪Will typically heal without residual deficits in the absence of infection or other factors that may complicate or delay healing |
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Pressure Ulcer |
▪Unrelieved pressure deprives the tissues of oxygen which causes ,ischemia, subsequent cell death, and tissue necrosis ▪High-risk areas for pressure ulcers include the occiput, heels, greater trochanters, ischial tuberosities, sacrum, and epicondyles of the elbows ▪Impaired cognition, poor nutrition altered sensation, incontinence, decreased lean body mass, and infection contribute to the development of a pressure ulcer |
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Rheumatoid Arthritis |
▪Systemic autoimmune disorder of the connective tissue that is Characterized by chronic inflammation within synovial membranes, tendon sheaths, and articular cartilage ▪Incidence is three times greater in females than males and is diagnosed most frequently between 30-50 years of age ▪Blood work assists with the diagnosis through evaluation of the rheumatoid factor, white blood cell count, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, hemoglobin, and hematocrit values |
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Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
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▪Connective tissue disorder caused by an autoimmune reaction in the body ▪Females are at greater risk than males with the most common age group ranging from 15-40 years of age ▪Clinical presentation includes a red butterfly rash across the cheeks and nose, a red rash over light exposed areas,.arthralgias.;alopecia, pleurisy, kidney involvement, seizures, and depression |
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Urinary Tract Infection
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▪The urinary tract is normally a sterile environment, but under certain conditions infectious organisms from internal or external sources can proliferate and cause infection ▪ Characterized by a strong and persistent urge to urinate as well as a burning sensation with urination ▪Urinalysis and urine culture are most commonly used to diagnose the infection however patients who suffer recurrent infections may require more invasive diagnostic testing |
