Blood Class Notes

Front 1

When blood is centrifuged is separates because of their different densities with ___________ on top and RBCs on the bottom.

Back 1

plasma

Front 2

"Buffy coat"

Back 2

white cells between the plasma and RBCs

Front 3

Plasma makes up ___% of the blood volume

Back 3

55

Front 4

Erythrocytes makes up ___% of the blood volume

Back 4

44

Front 5

Leukocytes makes up ___% of the blood volume

Back 5

<1

Front 6

Platelets makes up ___% of the blood volume

Back 6

<1

Front 7

Plasma functions

Back 7

solvent, osmotic balance, clotting, defense, absorbs heat, pH buffering

Front 8

Erythrocytes are ____ blood cells

Back 8

red

Front 9

Women Erythrocyte count is usually a bit ______ than mens

Back 9

lower

Front 10

Erythrocytes function

Back 10

carries O2

Front 11

Leukocytes function

Back 11

defense and immunity

Front 12

platelets function

Back 12

clotting

Front 13

Plasma is ___% water

Back 13

92

Front 14

Plasma is ___% salt

Back 14

1

Front 15

Plasma is ___% proteins, nutrients, wastes, gases, hormones

Back 15

7

Front 16

Serum is plasma without the __________ proteins

Back 16

clotting

Front 17

Normal pH of blood

Back 17

7.35-7.45

Front 18

The chemical reactions that occur in our body and run our body can not happen if our blood ___ is wonky.

Back 18

pH

Front 19

A Normal blood volume for non-pregnant women is _____L.

Back 19

4-5

Front 20

A Normal blood volume for pregnant women is _____L.

Back 20

6-7

Front 21

A Normal blood volume for man is _____L.

Back 21

5-6

Front 22

Hematocrit is the % of total blood volume that is _____.

Back 22

RBCs

Front 23

Why do we check the hematocrit?

Back 23

For things like anemia; it helps us know how much O2 the blood can trasnport

Front 24

Hemoglobin is the ____ carrying component of the RBCs.

Back 24

O2

Front 25

How much hemoglobin is normally in a men's blood?

Back 25

13.8-18.2 g/dL

Front 26

How much hemoglobin is normally in a women's blood?

Back 26

12/1-15.1 g/dL

Front 27

How much hemoglobin is normally in a child's blood?

Back 27

11-16 g/dL

Front 28

How much hemoglobin is normally in a pregnant women's blood?

Back 28

11-13 g/dL

Front 29

The color of _______ indicates the amount of O2 it is carrying.

Back 29

blood

Front 30

Erythrocytes carry O2, are anucleate, have few organelles, are sacs of __________, make ATP anerobically.

Back 30

hemoglobin

Front 31

anucleate

Back 31

no nucleus

Front 32

Hematopoiesis takes place in the bone __________ and vertebrae and proximal ends of femur and humerus.

Back 32

marrow

Front 33

hemocytoblast

Back 33

stem cell

Front 34

Hematopoiesis need _____, _________ and ______ to make RBCs.

Back 34

B12, folic acid, iron

Front 35

Hematopoiesis are released into the bloodstream as __________.

Back 35

reticulocytes

Front 36

Reticulocytes take ___ days to mature.

Back 36

2

Front 37

RBCs only live ____ days.

Back 37

120

Front 38

Ruptured RBCs are removed from circulation as they pass through the _______ and liver, where the products of their breakdown are recycled and re-used during erythropoiesis.

Back 38

spleen

Front 39

erythropoiesis

Back 39

formation of new RBCs

Front 40

Damaged RBCs are phagocytized in the spleen, liver and bone marrow are broken down. During this process, hemoglobin is split into the ____ and ______ for recycling later.

Back 40

heme, globin

Front 41

The _______ part of hemoglobin breaks down further into amino acids.

Back 41

globin

Front 42

The ____ part of hemoglobin is split into iron (Fe3+) and non-iron parts.

Back 42

heme

Front 43

The ______ part of the heme is stored for subsequent use.

Back 43

iron

Front 44

The non-iron part of heme is converted to biliverdin which is then further converted into a pigment called _________ which is released into the bloodstream and travels to the liver.

Back 44

bilirubin

Front 45

When bilirubin reaches the liver, it is excreted in _____ into the small intestine and from there travels to the large intestine.

Back 45

bile

Front 46

Reticulocytes are _________ ______.

Back 46

immature RBCs

Front 47

Rtc

Back 47

Reticulocytes

Front 48

Reticulocytes circulate in the bloodstream for ___ days before they mature.

Back 48

2

Front 49

Anemia

Back 49

decrease in O2 carrying ability of the blood.

Front 50

types of anemia

Back 50

iron deficiency, pernicious, folic acid deficiency

Front 51

Iron Deficiency is caused by

Back 51

iron deficiency in diet or poor absorption

Front 52

Iron deficiency's effect on blood

Back 52

decreased hgb in RBCs

Front 53

pernicious is caused by

Back 53

B12 deficiency

Front 54

pernicious anemia's effect on the blood

Back 54

decrease in RBC number, RBCs look large and immature

Front 55

folic acid deficiency is caused by

Back 55

folic acid deficiency in diet

Front 56

folic acid's effect on blood

Back 56

decrease in RBC number, large, immature

Front 57

hemorrhagic anemia is caused by

Back 57

loss of blood

Front 58

hemorrhagic anema's effect on blood

Back 58

decrease in RBCs

Front 59

hemolytic anemia is caused by

Back 59

blood incompatibility, destruction of RBCs

Front 60

hemolytic anemia's effect on blood

Back 60

decrease in RBCs

Front 61

sickle cell anemia is caused by

Back 61

genetic malformation of RBCs

Front 62

sickle cell anemia's effect on blood

Back 62

destruction of RBCs

Front 63

aplastic anemia is caused by

Back 63

destruction of bone marrow by cancer, radiation, medication

Front 64

aplastic anemia's effect on blood

Back 64

decrease in RBCs

Front 65

thalasemia anemia

Back 65

genetic malformation of RBCs

Front 66

polycythemia

Back 66

too many RBCs

Front 67

Possible negative effects of too many RBCs

Back 67

could crowd out other things, look flushed, sludgy blood, can't move through vessels well, can't circulate well, hard on heart

Front 68

White blood cells participate in the body's _______.

Back 68

defense

Front 69

Normal range for WBCs

Back 69

4-11,000 per mm3 of blood

Front 70

WBCs __________ in number when activated by pathogens.

Back 70

increase

Front 71

neutrophils's function

Back 71

phagocytes (short term)

Front 72

eosinophils's function

Back 72

increase during allergy attacks

Front 73

basophil's function

Back 73

contain histamine, heparin. may prevent clotting in body

Front 74

lymphocytes's function

Back 74

B&T cells immune system

Front 75

monocytes's function

Back 75

phagophcytes (macrophages) (chronic)

Front 76

phagocytes

Back 76

engulf pathogens

Front 77

neutrophils make up ____% of our WBCs

Back 77

40-70

Front 78

eosinophils make up ____% of our WBCs

Back 78

1-4

Front 79

basophils make up ____% of our WBCs

Back 79

1

Front 80

lymphocytes make up ____% of our WBCs

Back 80

20-45

Front 81

monocytes make up ____% of our WBCs

Back 81

4-8

Front 82

types of WBCs

Back 82

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, monocytes

Front 83

WBCs are _______ than RBCs.

Back 83

larger

Front 84

Leukemia

Back 84

form of cancer where WBCs multiply wildly in bone marrow and crowd out RBCs and platelets.

Front 85

hemostasis

Back 85

stoppage of blood flow, it's fast and localized

Front 86

three components of hemostasis

Back 86

1.vasoconstriction

2.platelet plug

3.coagulation

Front 87

Why is vasoconstriction helpful?

Back 87

It helps minimize the open field

Front 88

_________ release chemicals when they stick to the wound

Back 88

platelets

Front 89

coagulation

Back 89

when blood becomes gelatinous

Front 90

During __________ an invisible net of fibers are being formed which traps RBCs.

Back 90

coagulation

Front 91

Injury > _____________ > platelet plug > thromboplastin released by damaged cells > _______ ________ > coagulation

Back 91

vasoconstriction, clotting cascade

Front 92

There are ____ clotting factors that we need to coagulate our blood properly.

Back 92

12

Front 93

Our clotting factors are synthesized in the _______.

Back 93

liver

Front 94

fibrin

Back 94

fibrous netting that is the end result of the clotting process

Front 95

clotting disorders

Back 95

Vit K Deficiency Disease, Hemophilia, DIC

Front 96

DIC

Back 96

Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation

Front 97

Vit K Deficiency Disease cause

Back 97

prothrombin is not being produced in the liver

Front 98

Hemophilia cause

Back 98

one clotting factor is missing due to genetic mutation

Front 99

DIC cause

Back 99

clotting gone awry. Factors get used up, leading to internal bleeding

Front 100

Thrombus

Back 100

clot in an unbroken blood vessel

Front 101

The danger of a thrombus is

Back 101

that it may break off and get lodged some where in the circulatory system

Front 102

If a thrombus dislodges it's most likely to get lodged in the ________ or _______.

Back 102

lung, brain

Front 103

a thrombus in the heart

Back 103

pulmonary embolism, "heart attack"

Front 104

Possible etiologies for a bleeding disorder

Back 104

platelet deficiency (thrombocytopenia), lack of clotting factors (b/c liver is impaired), hemophilia, Vit K deficiency, bone marrow cancer, radition

Front 105

etiologies

Back 105

cause

Front 106

There are over ____ RBC antigens in humans - but there are only a few cause severe transfusion reactions.

Back 106

30

Front 107

The ABO ______ ______ were defined to avoid transfusion reactions.

Back 107

blood groups

Front 108

ABO blood groups

Back 108

A

B

AB

O

Front 109

antigen

Back 109

a substance that the body recognizes as foreign (usually a protein)

Front 110

antibody

Back 110

recognizes antigen and attachs to the surface antigens foreign cells

Front 111

agglutination

Back 111

clumping of RBCs

Front 112

Agglutination occurs because ______ rupture.

Back 112

RBCs

Front 113

Rh positive means their RBCs carry the Rh _________.

Back 113

antigen

Front 114

When Rh+ blood is given to a Rh- person, the person's immune system produces antibodies to the Rh__ blood.

Back 114

positive

Front 115

Rh factor

Back 115

the (+) or (-) aspect of the ABO blood cells

Front 116

Rh incompatibility during pregnancy is only possible if the woman is Rh__ and their partner is Rh ___.

Back 116

(-), (+)

Front 117

Rh incompatibility destroys _____ in the infant

Back 117

RBCs

Front 118

Fetal hemoglobin has an increased ability to pick up _____.

Back 118

O2

Front 119

Fetal hemoglobin helps to compensate for lower __ ___________ of maternal blood as copmared to air.

Back 119

O2 saturation

Front 120

_______ ___________ can be in part caused by the replacement of fetal RBCs with ones that contain adult hemoglobin.

Back 120

infant jaundice