Biology Vocab From Chapter 27

Front 1

Integumentary System

Back 1

covers body -protects from injury, infection, excessive heat or cold, drying

Front 2

Skeletal System

Back 2

provides body support, protects certain organs, works with the muscular system in body movements

Front 3

Muscular System

Back 3

Enables body movement and facial expressions, essential to human communication

Front 4

Nervous System

Back 4

Coordinates body activities by detecting stimuli and directing the bodies responses

Front 5

Digestive System

Back 5

ingests food, breaks down into smaller chemical units, eliminates undigested material

Front 6

Circulatory System

Back 6

delivers oxygen and nutrients to body cells and transports waste products to organs

Front 7

Respiratory System

Back 7

exchanges gases with the environment

Front 8

Endocrine System

Back 8

secretes hormones -affect the functions of target cells -regulates activities of other organ systems

Front 9

Excretory System

Back 9

removes waste, regulates chemical make up of blood

Front 10

Lymphatic System

Back 10

supports function of circulatory system – returns fluid to blood vessels near heart; part of the immune system

Front 11

Immune System

Back 11

defends body against infections and cancer cells

Front 12

Reproductive System

Back 12

– produces gametes; female – provides organs needed to support a developing embryo

Front 13

Levels of body structure

Back 13

cell – tissue – organ – organ system - organism

Front 14

Epithelial tissue

Back 14

closely packed cells covering entire surface of body forming lining for organs

Front 15

Connective tissue

Back 15

main function is to hold together and support other tissues, and to cushion, insulate and connect organs

Front 16

Nervous Tissue

Back 16

forms the communication system that makes behavior possible

Front 17

Neuron

Back 17

basic unit of nervous tissue, or the nerve cell

Front 18

Skeletal muscle

Back 18

voluntary muscle, attached to the bones of your skeleton, allowing you to move various parts of your body

Front 19

Involuntary muscle

Back 19

a muscle that works without you controlling it

Front 20

Cardiac Muscle

Back 20

muscles that cause your heart to pump blood and contain cardiac muscle tissue

Front 21

Smooth muscle

Back 21

involuntary muscles that contain smooth muscle tissue, found in most of your organs, perform many necessary functions without you having to think about them

Front 22

Homeostasis

Back 22

internal stability or “steady state” maintained by your body

Front 23

Hormones

Back 23

signal molecules that are released by glands into the bloodstream, carried to other parts of your body where they trigger particular responses

Front 24

Interstitial fluid

Back 24

the internal exchange takes place through an aqueous solution – fills gaps between cells in the tissue

Front 25

Integumentary system

Back 25

the body’s outer covering, separates the body from the external environment

Front 26

Epidermis

Back 26

the outermost layer of your skin

Front 27

Melanin

Back 27

the pigmented protein that gives your skin color

Front 28

Dermis

Back 28

the skin layer that lies beneath and supports the epidermis, made mostly of fiberous connective tissue, give the skin it’s strength and elacticity

Front 29

Hypodermis

Back 29

tissue layer below the dermis, contains tissue adipose

Front 30

Adipose

Back 30

a kind of connective tissue , fat storing cells & blood vessels

Front 31

Hair & Nails

Back 31

part of the integumentary system – composed of Keratin (protein) – hair is formed in pockets called follicles – follicle cells produce and deposit Keratin at the base of each hair shaft causing it to grow – nails are also made of Keratin grow when living cells push it outward

Front 32

Vertebra

Back 32

backbone – which supports the spinal cord consists of these small bones

Front 33

Cartilage

Back 33

type of connective tissue softer than bone –found between vertebraes-

Front 34

Cartilage Disks

Back 34

act as cushions between vertebrae and permit the spinal cord to twist and bend

Front 35

Marrow

Back 35

specialized tissue that many bones contain –

Front 36

Joint

Back 36

an area where one bone meets another bone

Front 37

Immovable Joints

Back 37

allow little or no movement (ex. Bones in your skull & ribs)

Front 38

Ligament

Back 38

strong fiberous connective tissue – hold together bones in movable joints

Front 39

Arthritis

Back 39

involves inflammation of the joints

Front 40

Osteoporosis

Back 40

a disorder in which bones become thinner, more porous and more easily broken.

Front 41

Tendon

Back 41

muscle attached to a bone by a type of dense connective tissue.

Front 42

Muscle fiber

Back 42

a single long cylindrical muscle cell that contains many nuclei

Front 43

Myofibrils

Back 43

bundles of smaller units found inside a muscle fiber-alternating light and dark bands (also known as striated muscle or striped)

Front 44

Sarcomere

Back 44

the muscle fiber’s basic unit of action- the unit that contracts. Composed of two kinds of filaments- thin and thick –composed of protein actin and myosin

Front 45

Actin

Back 45

protein that compose the thin filaments and have a twisted, ropelike structure.

Front 46

Myosin

Back 46

proteins that compose the thick filaments and have bump like projections called myosin heads

Front 47

Steps in contraction

Back 47

1. myosin head bind to thin filaments
2. myosin heads bend pulling filaments to center of sarcomere
3. ATP then binds to each head releasing it from thin filament
4. Myosin now free to attach to a new spot and further pull the thin filament along

5. The sarcomere shortens
6. process continues until sarcomere is fully contracted
7. sarcomeres shorten together – entire muscle contracts
*Note: filaments don’t get shorter by themselves as they slide across one another their overlap increases

Front 48

Anatomy

Back 48

the study of the structure of an organism and its parts

Front 49

Physiology

Back 49

is the study of what structures do and how they do it

Front 50

Tissue

Back 50

unit of similar cells – perform specific function

Front 51

Organ

Back 51

several tissues together form specific tasks

Front 52

Organ system

Back 52

multiple organs perform body function