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66 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Define autotroph |
Cell feeder. Organism capable of producing it's own food (photosynthesis or through chemical) producers |
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Define heterotroph |
Organism that cannot make it's own food (consumers) |
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Define prokaryote |
Simple cells that lack a nucleus and also membrane bound organelles (do not have ribosome) |
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Define eukaryote |
Organism that processes cells with a distinct nucleus bound by a nuclear membrane and other membranes bound organelles |
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5 domain model |
Classification system divided by basic cell types prokaryotic and eukaryotic - Monera (bacteria) - Fungi - Plantae - Animalia - Protista |
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3 domain model |
Classified action system based on genetic differences - Eukarya - Archaea - Eubacteria |
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Photosynthetic reaction |
Carbon dioxide + water ----> glucose + oxygen + water |
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What is the respiration reaction? |
Glucose + oxygen ----> carbon dioxide + water + energy |
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What is ATP or adenosine triphosphate ? |
An organic chemical that is able to store and release large ammount a of energy. (Like a chemical battery) |
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Define organelle |
Have specific roles to play in how a cells work. Help the cell function. |
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Define tissue |
A group of similar cells that are specialised to perform a function. |
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Define organ |
A group of tissues bound to form a particular function |
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Define a selectively permeable membrane |
Term to describe a barrier such as the cell membrane - allows diffusion of some molecules but not others - controls the movement of substances into and out of the cell |
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Define diffusion |
Process where molecules move from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration (is passive) |
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Define osmosis |
Process of diffusion of water molecules from areas of low solute concentration to high concentration. |
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Define the concentration gradient |
Refers to the difference in concentration of a solution at two different points |
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Define cilia |
Hair-like projection that stroke together causing movement of the cell or cell products |
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Define flagella |
Whip-like appendages ('tails') used for locomotion propelling the cell |
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Define pseudopodia |
('False feet') extensions of the cell providing movement |
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Define turgid |
Low in water content
In plant cells - cell membrane shrinks away from cell wall when in hypertonic solutions |
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Define flaccid |
Low in water content
In plant cells - cell membrane shrinks away from cell wall when in hypertonic solutions |
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Define isotonic |
Same concentration No net movement of molecules |
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Define hypertonic |
Low water, high solute Net outward movement if water molecules |
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Define hypotonic |
High water, low solute Net inward movement of water molecules |
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Define exocytosis |
Active transport of material out of cells |
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Define endocytosis |
Active transport of material into cells Engulfed in vesicles |
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Define pinocytosis |
'Cell drinking' type of endocytosis where liquids and dissolved substances are engulfed |
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Define phagocytosis |
'Cell eating' type of endocytosis where solid materials are engulfed |
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Define a micrometer |
Unit most commonly used in microscopic measurements |
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Define a mini grid |
A device used to work out the diameter of the field of view of a microscope. Then Used to calculate the real life size |
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Define the fluid mosaic model |
Explain the structure and function if the cell membrane. - double layer of phospholids with hydrophilic heads inwards - with proteins floating arround - protein channels - cholesterol |
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Define the Danielle lipid bi-layer model |
Early version of the fluid mosaic model. - model has continuous layer of proteins surround by lipid bilater - didn't recognise proteins were scattered throughout membrane |
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Define active transport |
Movement of material in and out of a cell against a concentration gradient require energy |
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Define passive transport |
Movement of materials in and out of a cell without using energy |
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Define facilitated diffusion |
Passive movement of molecule loosely bound to carried molecule through the cell membrane |
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Vacuole |
Storage organelles (e.g food) small in animals
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Cell theory 4 points |
1. All living thing are made up of cells or cell products 2. New cells arise from pre-existing 3. Cells contain genetic information 4. Cells are the smallest living organism unit |
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Characteristics of living things MRSGERNS |
Movement Respiration Sensitivity Growth Excretion Reproduction Nutrition Specific organisation |
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How does SA:vol ratio affect cell size ? |
The larger the SA:vol ratio the easier an organism can take up food/mineral via diffusion.
As the cell gets bigger their SA:vol ratio decreases which makes the input and output process is less effective and therefore the cells increase their SA |
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Cells that adapted to provide a high SA:vol ratio |
- Gut epithelial cells (finger-like projection to increase SA) - long epidelial cells (flattered to increase SA) - red blood cells (flattered to increase SA) |
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Characteristics to distinguish plant cells from animal cells under a microscope |
Plants - cells wall present - chloroplasts present - Starch granules present - large central vacuoles while small for animals |
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Why viruses aren't living |
- they are non-cellular - do not have all 8 characteristics of living things |
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Parts of a microscope |
Eyepiece Body tube Revolving nosepiece Arm Objectives Low poet objective Medium power objective High power objective Stage Stage clips Course adjustment knob Fine adjustment knob Diaphragm Light source Baseb |
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Do all cells have nuclei ? |
No prokaryotic cells don't and some eukaryotic |
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Why a nucleus might not be obvious |
- cell has no nucleus - cut so nucleus in not included in section - May need to be stained - cell section may be too thick light can't shine through |
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Difference between Monera cells (prokaryotes) and eukaryotic cells |
Prokaryotic - simpler - Smaller - single naked chromosome (no membrane)
Eukaryotic - distinct nucleus - process semi-rigid type of cell wall - May or May not have a cell wall present |
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The contrast of a specimen visible under a light microscope can be increase by: |
- changing light intensity - staining - coloured filters - moving focus knob |
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Calculating magnification |
Mag = eyepiece mag x objective mag Or Mag = size of drawing divided by real life size |
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Calculating real life size |
RLS = diameter of field of view divided by how many times specimens fits across diameter |
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Steps for staining |
1. Place specimen in drop of water of microscope slide 2. Lower cover slip 3. Irrigate with a drop of stain using paper towel to pull through to opposite side |
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Steps for focusing |
1. Plug in microscope put stage at greatest distance from objective lens and click low power objective into place 2. Focus specimen on low power objective ensure specimens in centre of FOV 3. Rotate to medium objective and use steps above to focus 4. Focus with high objective |
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Characteristics of biological sketch |
Pencil Large Dotting no shading - Straight labelling lines horizontal no arrowheads - scale Title Lines don't overlap Drawn in centre |
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Steps of scientific method |
1. Observation 2. Hypothesis 3. Prediction 4. Test prediction 5. Record results 6. Report results |
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Cell walls |
In: Fungi composed of chitin Plants composed cellulose Monera composed peptidoglycan |
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Plants vs animals |
Animals No cell wall No chloroplasts Small vacuoles |
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ATP is considered necessary for all life because |
Back (Definition) |
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Mitochondria |
Purpose of respiration converts chemical energy into ATP |
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Ribosomes |
Make proteins Composed of RNA Found in cytoplasm or ER |
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Golgi body |
Involved in storage, modification, packaging and secretion of cell products |
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Chloroplasts |
Plastic found in green plants, site of photosynthesis |
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Endoplasmic reticulum |
Transport of materials within and between the cell and it's surrounding |
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Nucleus |
Control centre, cobtains nuclear material (DNA) |
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Nucleolus |
Area in the nucleus that produces ribosomes. May transport chemicals from the nucleus to cytoplasm |
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ATP is considered necessary for all life because |
Back (Definition) |
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Cell theory 4 points |
1. All living thing are made up of cells or cell products 2. New cells arise from pre-existing 3. Cells contain genetic information 4. Cells are the smallest living organism unit |
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Steps for staining |
1. Place specimen in drop of water of microscope slide 2. Lower cover slip 3. Irrigate with a drop of stain using paper towel to pull through to opposite side |
