Biology Human Physiology 6.3, 6.4

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Pathogen

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any living organism or virus that is capable to cause disease

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Name 5 Pathogens:

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viruses, bacteria, protozoa, fungi, worms

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Opportunistic microbes

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can invade the body and commonly live outside the body

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How to prevent pathogens from invading the body:

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isolation and body's protection, including skin, stomach acid and mucus

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Epidermis

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is a barrier against most pathogens and is constantly being replaced

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Dermis

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contains sweat glands, capillaries, sensory receptors and dermal cells

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Sebaceous glands

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are associated with hair follicles, secretes sebum which maintains skin moisture and slightly lowers skin pH, lower pH inhibits the growth of bacteria and fungi

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Mucus Membrane

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thinner and softer type of skin which lines the route of air entry. A lining of sticky mucus made from a solution of glycoproteins is secreted there and traps incoming pathogens.

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Trachea

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tube which carries air to and from the lungs

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Areas with mucous membrane

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Trachea, Nasal passages, Urethra, Vagina

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Cilia

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Hair-like extensions which trap pathogens up and out of mucous-lined tissues

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Lysozyme

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enzyme which is able to chemically damage pathogens

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Blood clotting

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blood emerged from a cut changes from being a liquid to a semi-solid gel and seals up the wound

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Creation of a clot prevents:

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excessive blood loss and the entering of pathogens

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Platelets

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form in bone marrow from one large cell which breaks into many fragments. Do not have a nucleus and have a relatively short lifespan

(8-10 days)

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Fibrin

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a fibrous protein which forms a mesh like network which stabilizes the platelet plug to create a stable clot.

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Phagocytes

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white blood cells which provide the next line of defense, large and able to change their cellular shape and are able to squeeze their way in and out of small blood vessels. Contains many lysosome organelles

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Non-specific response

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if something is not-self it should be removed. The phagocytic response is not directed against a specific pathogen but has a general effect

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Antibody production

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Each pathogen is made up of either cells with cell membranes or a protein coat (virus) these foreign proteins are called antigens

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Lymphocytes

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white blood cells which produce antibodies in response to a specific type of pathogen. Each type of B lymphocyte can produce one type of antibody.

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Specific immune response

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the production of antibodies in response to a particular pathogen

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Memory cells

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Some of the cloned lymphocytes remain in the bloodstream and give immunity from a second infection by the same pathogen

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Antibody

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Protein molecules which have 2 functional regions (hypervariable which binds to an antigen, the region that helps the body fight the pathogen). Remain in the body for weeks to months.

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Antibiotics

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Chemicals which prevent the growth of microorganisms, most are antibacterial. Have no effect on viruses.

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How do antibodies fight pathogens?

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Make a pathogen more recognizable to phagocytes and prevent viruses from docking to host cells.

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Processes targeted by antibiotics:

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bacterial DNA replication, transcription and translation. Ribosome function and cell wall formation.

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Viruses

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non-living, use the chemical processes of a living host cell and do not have a metabolism

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Examples of antibiotics:

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Penicillin, Streptomycin, Chloramphenicol, Tetracycline

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Measures to prevent the resistance of antibiotics:

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Doctors prescribing antibiotics on for serious bacterial infections, staff maintaining high standards of hygiene to prevent cross-infection, patients eliminating infections completely by completing treatment

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Coronary Thrombosis

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the formation of blood clots in the coronary arteries, results in muscle cells unable to produce enough ATP, heart contraction become irregular and blood doesnt pump effectively

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Atherosclerosis

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blocks coronary arteries and increases the risk of coronary thrombosis

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Factors which increase the risk of coronary thrombosis:

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smoking, high cholesterol/blood pressure, diabetes, obesity and lack of exercise

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Human Immunodeficiency Virus

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A retrovirus which invades and destroys helper T-cells and progressively loses the capacity to produce antibodies. Can be slowed down using anti-retroviral drugs.

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AIDS

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Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome

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Methods of HIV transmission:

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Blood to blood contact by an infected person, intercourse, sharing needles

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Penicillin

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an Antibiotic discovered by Alexander Fleming in 1928

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Thalidomide

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introduced in the 1950s to relieve morning sickness in pregnant women. More than 10,000 children were born with birth deformities

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Gas exchange

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the absorption of one gas from the environment and releasing a different one

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Alveoli

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small air sacs inside the lungs where human gas exchange occurs

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Ventilation

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the process at which gas enters and leaves the lungs

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Pulmonary Surfactant

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on the surface of the moisture lining the alveoli, reduces surface tension and prevents the collapse of the lungs

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Respiratory Distress syndrome

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premature babies born with insufficient pulmonary surfactant

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Type 1 pneumocytes

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flattened, thickness of 0.15 make up most of the alveolar wall

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Type 2 pneumocytes

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Rounded, secrete surfactant which helps prevent the collapsing of lungs