Biology (Fall 2014) Test #1 - Vocabulary Ch. 1-3

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This kingdom of prokaryotes (the simplest of cells that do not have nuclei) includes this methanogen, which manufactures methane as a result of its metabolic activity.

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1. Archaea Kingdom (16)

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The most common type of prokaryotic organism. Cell walls contain peptidoglycan. Play many important ecological roles. This group is the second of the two prokaryotic kingdoms. Show here are purple sulfur bacteria, which are able to convert light energy into chemical energy.

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1. Bacteria Kingdom (16)

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Includes unicellular eukaryotic organisms and some multicellular lines derived from them. Most of the unicellular eukaryotes (those whose sells contain a nucleus) are grouped into this kingdom, and so are the multicellular algae pictured here.

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1. Protista Kingdom (16)

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This kingdom contains nonphotosynthetic organisms, mostly multicellular, that digest their food externally, such as these mushrooms.

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1. Fungi Kingdom (16)

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This kingdom contains photosynthetic multicellular organisms that are terrestrial, such as the flowering plant pictured here.

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1. Plantae Kingdom (16)

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Organisms in this kingdom are nonphotosynthetic multicellular organisms that digest their food internally, such as this ram.

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1. Animalia Kingdom (16)

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All living things are composed of one or more cells. A cell is a tiny compartment with a thin covering called a membrane. Some cells have simple interiors, while others are complexly organized, but all are able to grow and reproduce. Many organisms possess only a single cell; your body contains from 10 – 100 trillion cells (depending on how big you are).

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1. Cellular Organization (17)

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The process by which all living things assimilate energy and use it to grow. The transfer of energy from one form to another in cells is an example of __________.

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1. Metabolism (17)

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The maintaining of a relatively stable internal physiological environment in an organism or steady-state equilibrium in a population or ecosystem.

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1. Homeostasis (17)

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All living things grow and reproduce. Bacteria increase in size and simply split in two as often as every 15 minutes, while more complex organisms grow by increasing the number of cells and reproduce sexually.

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1. Growth and Reproduction (17)

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The transmission of characteristics from parent to offspring.

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1. Heredity (17)

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At the level or position of the most basic structural and functional units of the human body; cells are organized into five levels of complexity (atoms, molecules, macromolecules, organelles, and cells).

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1. Cellular Level (18)

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A core (nucleus) of protons and neutrons surrounded by an orbiting cloud of electrons. The chemical behavior of an ____ is largely determined by the distribution of its electrons, particularly the number of electrons in its outermost level.

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1. Atoms (18)

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The smallest unit of a compound that displays the properties of that compound.

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1. Molecules (18)

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An extremely large molecule. Refers specifically to carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.

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1. Macromolecules (18)

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A specialized compartment of a cell. Mitochondria are __________.

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1. Organelles (18)

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The smallest unit of life. The basic organizational unit of all organisms. Composed of a nuclear region containing the herediary apparatus within a larger volume called the cytoplasm bounded by a lipid membrane.

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1. Cells (18)

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Cells are organized into four levels of complexity (tissues, organs, organ systems, and organism).

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1. Organismal Level (18)

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A group of similar cells organized into a structural and functional unit.

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1. Tissues (18)

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A complex body structure composed of several different kinds of tissue grouped together in a structural and functional unit.

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1. Organs (19)

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A group of organs that function together to carry out the principal activities of the body.

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1. Organ Systems (19)

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Any individual living creature, either unicellular or multicellular.

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1. Organism (19)

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Organisms are organized into four hierarchical levels within the living world (population, species, community, and ecosystem).

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1. Populational Level (19)

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Any group of individuals of a single species, occupying a given area at the same time.

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1. Population (19)

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A group of interbreeding organisms that are reproductively isolated from all other such groups; a taxonomic unit ranking below a genus and designated by a two-part scientific name consisting of its genus and the _______ name.

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1. Species (19)

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The populations of different species that live together and interact in a particular place.

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1. Community (19)

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A community together with the nonliving factors with which it interacts.

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1. Ecosystem (19)

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Novel properties in the hierarchy of life that were not present at the simpler levels of organization.

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1. Emergent Properties (19)

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The differential reproduction of genotypes caused by factors in the environment. Leads to evolutionary change.

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1. Natural Selection (20)

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The breeding of plants and animals to produce desirable traits. Organisms with the desired traits, such as size or taste, are artificially mated or cross-pollinated with organisms with similar desired traits.

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1. Artificial Selection (20)

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The condition in which two or more dissimilar organisms live together in close association; includes parasitism, commensalism, and mutualism.

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1. Symbiosis (20)

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Making individual decisions by applying a “guide” of accepted general principles. A logical process in which a conclusion drawn from a set of premises contains no more information than the premises taken collectively. All dogs are animals; this is a dog; therefore, this is an animal: The truth of the conclusion is dependent only on the method.

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1. Deductive Reasoning (22)

Front 33

Through observation, scientists look at the world to understand how it works and determine the principles that govern our physical world. Reasoning in which the premises seek to supply strong evidence for (not absolute proof of) the truth of the conclusion.

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1. Inductive Reasoning (22)

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Any of several simple gaseous compounds that contain carbon, chlorine, fluorine, and sometimes hydrogen, that are used as refrigerants, cleaning solvents, and aerosol propellants and in the manufacture of plastic foams, and that are believed to be a major cause of stratospheric ozone depletion.

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1. Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) (23)

Front 35

A proposal that might be true. No __________ is ever proven correct. All __________ are provisional – proposals that are retained for the time being as useful but that may be rejected in the future if found to be inconsistent with new information. A __________ that stands the test of time – often tested and never rejected – is called a theory.

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1. Hypothesis (24)

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The test of a hypothesis. An __________ that tests one or more alternative hypotheses and those that are demonstrated to be inconsistent with experimental observation are rejected.

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1. Experiment (24)

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The key to any successful scientific investigation is careful ___________. The action or process of _________ something or someone carefully or in order to gain information.

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1. Observation (24)

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Formed when scientists have more than one guess about what they observe; (in the statistical testing of a __________) the __________ to be accepted if the null __________ is rejected.

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1. Alternative Hypotheses (25)

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What you expect to happen if a hypothesis is true.

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1. Predictions (25)

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Attempting to verify the hypothesis’ predictions.

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1. Testing (25)

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A group or individual used as a standard of comparison for checking the results of a survey or experiment.

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1. Controls (25)

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Any factor that influences a process. In evaluating alternative hypotheses about one ________, all other _________ are held constant so that the investigator is not misled or confused by other influences.

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1. Variable (25)

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A _______ __________ where all subjects involved are treated exactly the same except for one deviation.

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1. Control Experiment (25)

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A hypothesis that has been tested and not rejected is tentatively accepted.

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1. Conclusion (25)

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A well-tested hypothesis supported by a great deal of evidence.

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1. Theory (25)

Front 46

A method of procedure that has characterized natural science since the 17th century, consisting in systematic observation, measurement, and experiment, and the formulation, testing, and modification of hypotheses.

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1. Scientific Method (26)

Front 47

The foundation for understanding the reproduction and growth of all organisms. The ideas that all living matter consists of cells, cells are the structural and functional units of life, and all cells come from preexisting cells.

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1. Cell Theory (28)

Front 48

The basic storage vehicle or central plan of heredity information. It is stored as a sequence of nucleotides in a linear nucleotide polymer. Two of the polymers wind around each other like the outside and inside rails of a circular staircase.

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1. DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) (28)

Front 49

One of the basic principles of biology. The main concept of this theory is that traits are passed from parents to offspring through ____ transmission. _____ are located on chromosomes and consist of DNA.

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1. Gene Theory (28)

Front 50

The genetic information of an organism.

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1. Genome (28)

Front 51

The genes of an organism are inherited as discrete units.

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1. Theory of Heredity (30)

Front 52

The genes of Mendel’s theory are physically located on chromosomes and that it is because chromosomes are parceled out in a regular manner during reproduction that Mendel’s regular patterns are seen.

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1. Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance (30)

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Advanced by Charles Darwin in 1859, attributes the diversity of the living world to natural selection.

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1. Theory of Evolution (30)

Front 54

The study of the properties of the substances that all things living and nonliving are created from. The branch of science that deals with the identification of the substances of which matter is composed; the investigation of their properties and the ways in which they interact, combine, and change; and the use of these processes to form new substances.

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1. Chemistry (36)

Front 55

Any substance in the universe that has mass and occupies space.

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1. Matter (36)

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A core (nucleus) of protons and neutrons surrounded by an orbiting cloud of electrons. The chemical behavior of an ____ is largely determined by the distribution of its electrons, particularly the number of electrons in its outermost level.

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1. Atom (36)

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A subatomic particle in the nucleus of an atom that carries a positive charge. The number of _______ determines the chemical character of the atom because it dictates the number of electrons orbiting the nucleus and available for chemical activity.

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1. Protons (36)

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A subatomic particle located within the nucleus of an atom. Similar to a proton in mass, but as its name implies, a _______ is neutral and possesses no charge.

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1. Neutron (36)

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A subatomic particle with a negative electrical charge. The negative charge of one ________exactly balances the positive charge of one proton. _________ orbit the atom’s positively charged nucleus and determine its chemical properties.

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1. Electron (36)

Front 60

The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom. In an atom that does not bear an electric charge (that is, one that is not an ion), the ______ ______ is also equal to the number of electrons.

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1. Atomic Number (36)

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A substance that cannot be separated into different substances by ordinary chemical methods.

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1. Element (36)

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The ____ ______ of an atom consists of the combined mass of all of its protons and neutrons.

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1. Mass Number (36)

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The capacity to bring about change, to do work.

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1. Energy (37)

Front 64

The volume of space around a nucleus where an electron is most likely to be found.

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1. Orbital (37)

Front 65

An atom in which the number of electrons does not equal the number of protons. An ___ carries an electrical charge.

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1. Ion (38)

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An atom that has the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons.

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1. Isotopes (38)

Front 67

The process by which a nucleus of an unstable atom loses energy by emitting ionizing radiation.

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1. Radioactive Decay (aka Nuclear Decay or Radioactivity) (38)

Front 68

A radioactive substance that is taken up and used by the body.

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1. Tracer (38)

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Any record of prehistoric life – generally taken to mean older than 10,000 years.

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1. Fossil (39)

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A widely employed method of dating fossils less than 50,000 years old is the carbon-14 (14C) _____________ ______. Any method of determining the age of earth materials or objects of organic origin based on measurement of either short-lived radioactive elements or the amount of a long-lived radioactive element plus its decay product.

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1. Radioisotopic Dating (39)

Front 71

The length of time it takes for half of a radioactive substance to decay.

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1. Half-Life (39)

Front 72

The smallest unit of a compound that displays the properties of that compound.

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1. Molecule (40)

Front 73

The force holding two atoms together. The force can result from the attraction of opposite charges (ionic bond) or from the sharing of one or more pairs of electrons (a covalent bond).

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1. Chemical Bond (40)

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A chemical bond formed between ions as a result of the attraction of opposite electrical charges.

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1. Ionic Bond (40)

Front 75

A chemical bond formed by the sharing of one or more pairs of electrons.

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1. Covalent Bond (41)

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A molecule with positively and negatively charged ends. One portion of a _____ molecule attracts electrons more strongly than another portion, with the result that the molecule has electron-rich (-) and electron-poor (+) regions, giving it magnet-like positive and negative poles. Water is one of the most _____ molecule known.

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1. Polar (41)

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Molecules that don’t exhibit a large difference in electronegativities of its atoms, like the carbon-hydrogen bonds of methane, are called ________ molecule and contain ________ covalent bonds.

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1. Nonpolar (41)

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A molecular force formed by the attraction of the partial positive charge of one hydrogen atom of a water molecule with the partial negative charge of the oxygen atom of another.

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1. Hydrogen Bond (42)

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The molecular attraction between the surfaces of like bodies in contact, such as that between water molecules and other water molecules.

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1. Cohesion (44)

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The molecular attraction exerted between the surfaces of unlike bodies in contact, as water molecules to the walls of the narrow tubes that occur in plants.

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1. Adhesion (44)

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Describes polar molecules, which form hydrogen bonds with water and therefore are soluble in water.

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1. Hydrophilic (44)

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Refers to polar molecules that dissolve in water and are surrounded by a hydration shell.

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1. Soluble (44)

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Describes nonpolar molecules, which do not form hydrogen bonds with water and therefore are not soluble in water.

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1. Hydrophobic (44)

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The positively charged ___ of ________, H+; formed by removal of the electron from atomic ________ and found in the form of hydronium ___ in all aqueous solutions of acids.

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1. Hydrogen Ion (45)

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A negatively charged particle of _________ ___ (OH-) of any base in a water solution.

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1. Hydroxide Ion (45)

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The process of spontaneous ion formation. One of the principal ways that radiation, such as charged particles and X rays, transfers its energy to matter. In chemistry, __________ often occurs in a liquid solution.

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1. Ionization (45)

Front 87

Any substance that dissociates to form H+ ions when dissolved in water. Having a pH value less than 7.

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1. Acid (45)

Front 88

Any substance that combines with H+ ions thereby reducing the H+ ion concentration of a solution. Having a pH value above 7.

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1. Base (45)

Front 89

Rainfall made sufficiently acidic by atmospheric pollution that it causes environmental harm, typically to forests and lakes. The main cause is the industrial burning of coal and other fossil fuels, the waste gases from which contain sulfur and nitrogen oxides, which combine with atmospheric water to form acids.

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1. Acid Rain (46)

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A substance that takes up or releases hydrogen ions (H+) to maintain the pH within a certain range.

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1. Buffer (47)

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Formed by living organisms and consist of a carbon-based core with special groups attached. A molecule of the kind normally found in living systems; are usually composed of carbon atoms in rings or long chains, to which are attached other atoms of such elements as hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen.

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1. Organic Molecules (52)

Front 92

An extremely large molecule. Refers specifically to carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.

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1. Macromolecules (52)

Front 93

Simple molecules that can join together to form polymers.

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1. Monomers (52)

Front 94

A large molecule formed of long chains of similar molecules called monomers.

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1. Polymer (52)

Front 95

A chemical reaction that builds up molecules by losing water molecules. It is a type of condensation reaction in which monomers join together into polymers while losing water molecules. This process is carried out by losing (-OH) from one of the monomers and (H) from another monomer. The two unstable monomers join together, and the (-OH) and (H) combine forming water (H2O).

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1. Dehydration Synthesis (53)

Front 96

A protein capable of speeding up specific chemical reactions by lowering the energy required to activate or start the reaction but that remains unaltered in the process.

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1. Enzymes (53)

Front 97

The chemical breakdown of a compound due to reaction with water.

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1. Hydrolysis (53)

Front 98

A long chain of amino acids linked end to end by peptide bonds. Because the 20 amino acids that occur in ________ have side groups with very different chemical properties, the function and shape of a _______ are critically affected by its particular sequence of amino acids.

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1. Proteins (54)

Front 99

The subunit structure from which proteins are produced, consisting of a central carbon atom with a carboxyl group (COOH), an amino group (-NH2), a hydrogen, and a side group (R group); only the side group differs from one _____ _____ to another.

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1. Amino Acids (54)

Front 100

A covalent bond linking two amino acids. Formed when the positive (amino, or NH2) group at one end and a negative (carboxyl, or COOH) group at the other end undergo a chemical reaction and lose a molecule of water.

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1. Peptide Bond (54)

Front 101

A general term for a long chain of amino acids linked end to end by peptide bonds. A protein is a long, complex ___________.

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1. Polypeptides (54)

Front 102

The characteristic sequence of amino acids forming a protein or polypeptide chain, considered as the most basic element of its structure.

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1. Primary Structure (56)

Front 103

The local three-dimensional structure of sheets, helices, or other forms adopted by a polynucleotide or polypeptide chain, due to electrostatic attraction between neighboring residues.

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1. Secondary Structure (56)

Front 104

The overall three-dimensional structure resulting from folding and covalent cross-linking of a protein or polynucleotide molecule.

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1. Tertiary Structure (56)

Front 105

The structure that is formed by the joining together of two or more proteins or nucleic acids. The functions of the proteins and nucleic acids are only expressed correctly when they are joined together.

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1. Quaternary Structure (56)

Front 106

To destroy the characteristic properties of (a protein or other biological macromolecule) by heat, acidity, or other effects that disrupt its molecular conformation.

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1. Denatured (57)

Front 107

The enzyme-mediated process in which the subunits of polymers are positioned so that their bonds undergo chemical reactions.

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1. Catalysis (57)

Front 108

Molecular proteins are __________ proteins that assist the non-covalent folding or unfolding and the assembly or disassembly of other macromolecular structures.

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1. Chaperone (58)

Front 109

A small proteinaceous infectious disease-causing agent that is believed to be the smallest infectious particle. A _____ is neither bacterial nor fungal nor viral and contains no genetic material. ______ have been held responsible for a number of degenerative brain diseases, including mad cow disease, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, fatal familial insomnia, kuru, and an unusual form of hereditary dementia known as Gertsmann-Straeussler-Scheinker disease.

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1. Prions (58)

Front 110

Also known as prion diseases, _____________ __________ ________________ (____) are a group of progressive conditions (encephalopathies) that affect the brain and nervous system of many animals, including humans. These diseases include scrapie in sheep, “mad cow” disease in cattle, and kuru and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in humans.

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1. Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (TSEs) (59)

Front 111

A degenerative neurologic disease of cattle, thought to be caused by infection-causing agents called prions, in which brain tissues deteriorate and take on a spongy appearance, resulting in abnormal behaviors and loss of muscle control. A variant form of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease is transmitted to humans through the eating of infected cattle tissue. Also called bovine spongiform encephalopathy.

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1. Mad Cow Disease (59)

Front 112

A nucleotide polymer. A long chain of nucleotides. Chief types are deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), which is double-stranded, and ribonucleic acid (RNA), which is typically single-stranded.

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1. Nucleic Acids (60)

Front 113

A single unit of a nucleic acid, composed of a phosphate, a five-carbon sugar (either ribose or deoxyribose), and a purine or a pyrimidine.

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1. Nucleotides (60)

Front 114

A sequence of nucleotides, as in DNA or RNA, bound into a chain. ______________ ______. A linear polymer containing an indefinite, usually large, number of nucleotides linked from one ribose or deoxyribose to another by phosphoric residues.

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1. Polynucleotide Chains (60)

Front 115

The basic storage vehicle or central plan of heredity information. It is stored as a sequence of nucleotides in a linear nucleotide polymer. Two of the polymers wind around each other like the outside and inside rails of a circular staircase.

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1. Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) (60)

Front 116

A class of nucleic acids characterized by the presence of the sugar ribose and the pyrimidine uracil; includes mRNA, tRNA, rRNA, and siRNA.

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1. Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) (60)

Front 117

A pair of parallel helices intertwined about a common axis, especially that in the structure of the DNA molecule.

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1. Double Helix (61)

Front 118

An organic compound consisting of a chain or ring of carbon atoms to which hydrogen and oxygen atoms are attached in a ratio of approximately 1:2:1. A compound of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen having the generalized formula (CH2O)n, where n is the number of carbon atoms.

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1. Carbohydrates (63)

Front 119

A simple sugar.

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1. Monosaccharides (63)

Front 120

A sugar formed by linking two monosaccharide molecules together. Sucrose (table sugar) is a ____________ formed by linking a molecule of glucose to a molecule of fructose.

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1. Disaccharide (63)

Front 121

A sugar polymer. A carbohydrate composed of many monosaccharide sugar subunits linked together in a long chain.

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1. Polysaccharides (63)

Front 122

The glucose polysaccharide that plants use to store energy. An odorless tasteless white substance occurring widely in plant tissue and obtained chiefly from cereals and potatoes. It is a polysaccharide that functions as a carbohydrate store and is an important constituent of the human diet.

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1. Starch (63)

Front 123

In animals, energy is stored in this, an insoluble macromolecule formed of long glucose polysaccharides that are highly branched. A substance deposited in bodily tissues as a store of carbohydrates. It is a polysaccharide that forms glucose on hydrolysis.

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1. Glycogen (63)

Front 124

Animals also use glucose chains as building materials, linking the subunits together in different orientations not recognized by most enzymes. A fibrous substance consisting of polysaccharides and forming the major constituent in the exoskeleton of arthropods and the cell walls of fungi.

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1. Chitin (63)

Front 125

Plants also use glucose chains as building materials, linking the subunits together in different orientations not recognized by most enzymes. An insoluble substance that is the main constituent of plant cell walls and of vegetable fibers such as cotton. It is a polysaccharide consisting of chains of glucose monomers.

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1. Cellulose (63)

Front 126

A loosely defined group of molecules that are insoluble in water but soluble in oil. Oils such as olive, corn, and coconut are ______, as well as waxes, such as beeswax and earwax.

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1. Lipids (65)

Front 127

A long chain of carbon and hydrogen atoms (called a hydrocarbon) ending in a carboxyl (-COOH) group. A carboxylic acid consisting of a hydrocarbon chain and a terminal carboxyl group, especially any of those occurring as esters in fats and oils.

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1. Fatty Acid (65)

Front 128

An ester formed from glycerol and three fatty acid groups. _____________ are the main constituents of natural fats and oils, and high concentrations in the blood indicate an elevated risk of stroke.

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1. Triglyceride (65)

Front 129

Containing the greatest possible number of hydrogen atoms, and so having no carbon–carbon double or triple bonds.

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1. Saturated (65)

Front 130

Fats composed of fatty acids that have double bonds between one or more pairs of carbon atoms contain fewer than the maximum number of hydrogen atoms. Having carbon–carbon double or triple bonds and therefore not containing the greatest possible number of hydrogen atoms for the number of carbons. Denoting fats containing a high proportion of fatty acid molecules with at least one double bond, considered to be healthier in the diet than saturated fats.

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1. Unsaturated (65)