Biology Exam 3

Front 1

The double helix of DNA is composed of building blocks called.

Back 1

Nucleotides

Front 2

The rungs of the DNA ladder are formed by a base pairs.

Back 2

Joined by hydrogen bonds

Front 3

In DNA molecules,

Back 3

Adenine pairs with thymine

Front 4

The central dogma of molecular biology described by Watson and crick describes,

Back 4

The directional flow of genetic information in cells.

Hint 4

Directional flow

Front 5

How does RNA differ from DNA

Back 5

1. DNA contains deoxyribose and RNA contains ribose. 2. DNA contains thymine and RNA contains uracil instead. 3. DNA is double stranded and RNA is single stranded. 4. RNA can catalyze done chemical reactions and DNA cannot.

Front 6

What type of mRNA carries the information that specifies a protein?

Back 6

Messenger RNA

Front 7

What type of RNA carries amino acids to ribosomes?

Back 7

Transfer RNA

Front 8

In eukaryotic cells sequences of mRNA removed before translation are called?

Back 8

Introns

Front 9

What process converts the mRNA message into a sequence of amino acids?

Back 9

Translation

Front 10

A three base sequence in tRNA that is complementary to a three based sequence in mRNA is?

Back 10

An anticodon

Front 11

A tRNA molecule is bilingual because it bonds to?

Back 11

Codons of mRNA and amino acids

Front 12

A change in a cells DNA sequence is?

Back 12

A mutation

Front 13

What are causes of mutation?

Back 13

1. Errors in DNA replication

2. Errors during meiosis

3. Exposure to radiation

4. Exposure to tobacco

Front 14

If the DNA in a cell consists of 20% adenine then it will also contain ____ guanine

Back 14

30%

Front 15

ATGCATGC will pair with what DNA strand?

Back 15

UACGUACG

Front 16

Cells have only two copies of most genes but can make hundreds of copies of a protein from those genes power second because,

Back 16

During translation multiple ribosomes can bind to the same mRNA simultaneously.

Front 17

Which DNA mission leads to the change of a single amino acids in a protein?

Back 17

Substitution

Front 18

Mutations create new alleles that

Back 18

1. Are beneficial to the organisms fitness

2. Have no effect in the fitness of the organism

3. Decrease the fitness of the organism

Front 19

What molecule hooks instructions for the synthesis of proteins and chores itself for the next generation of cells?

Back 19

DNA

Front 20

DNA's sugar phosphate backbones are joined with?

Back 20

Covalent bonds

Front 21

Strands of DNA are joined by?

Back 21

Hydrogen bonds

Front 22

The genome of an organism is all of its?

Back 22

Generic material

Front 23

The process by which DNA reproduces itself is?

Back 23

Replication

Hint 23

One word

Front 24

Mutations may be caused by?

Back 24

1. Errors in prokaryotic replication

2. Exposure to radiation

3. Exposure to chemicals

4. Errors in eukaryotic replication

Front 25

A discrete package of DNA and associated proteins in eukaryotes is a?

Back 25

Chromosome

Front 26

One of two identical attached copies of a replicated chromosome defines the term?

Back 26

Chromatid

Front 27

Sister chromatids are?

Back 27

Genetically identical and attached to each other at the centromere.

Front 28

The process by which a sperm cell combines with an egg cell is?

Back 28

Fertilization

Front 29

Mitosis is used for what?

Back 29

1. Repair of damaged cells

2. Growth of an organism

3. Asexual reproduction

4. Production of genetically identical daughter cells.

Front 30

Meiosis is used for?

Back 30

Production of gametes

Front 31

The phase of mitosis in which the centromeres split and sister chromatids are pulled to opposite pole of the cell is?

Back 31

Anaphase

Front 32

The phase of mitosis in which the chromosomes are aligned along the equator of the cell is?

Back 32

Metaphase

Front 33

The phase of mitosis in which the nuclear envelope behind to reform around chromosomes is?

Back 33

Telophase

Front 34

The phase of mitosis in which the chromosomes condense and centrosomes move to opposite pole of the cell is?

Back 34

Prophase

Front 35

In an asexual life cycle, cells reproduce by?

Back 35

Mitosis

Front 36

In a asexual life cycle, a zygote (fertilized egg) grows to an adults by

Back 36

Mitosis

Front 37

When DNA replicates

Back 37

One strand of the original DNA ends up in each of the new DNA molecules.

Front 38

Binary fission produces _____ cells, mitosis produces _____ cells, and meiosis produces _____ cells.

Back 38

Prokaryotic, eukaryotic body, eukaryotic sex

Front 39

Chromosomes that look alike and carry the same sequence of genes for the same traits are?

Back 39

Homologous chromosomes

Front 40

Meiosis is a process that produces

Back 40

1. Sperm cells

2. Egg cells

3 gametes

4. Haploid cells

Hint 40

Four answers

Front 41

Sexual reproduction is important to the survival of species in a changing environment because?

Back 41

Sexual reproduction produces genetically different individuals.

Front 42

2n is an abbreviation for

Back 42

Diploid

Front 43

Diploid means having

Back 43

Two complete sets of chromosomes

Front 44

1n is an abbreviation for

Back 44

Haploid

Front 45

A diploid germ cell will produce cells that have reduced the chromosomes number by half generating for haploid nuclei in

Back 45

Meiosis

Front 46

After the completion of meiosis in humans, a diploid germ cell has produced cells with half the original chromosome number, generating ____ haploid nuclei

Back 46

4

Front 47

A zygote is

Back 47

A diploid cell

Hint 47

3 words

Front 48

Mitotic cell division creates identical copies by replicating a cell's DNA ____ and then dividing ____.

Back 48

Once, once

Front 49

Human cells have

Back 49

23 pairs of chromosomes

Front 50

In meiosis DNA replicates during

Back 50

Interphase prior to meiosis 1

Front 51

In meiosis, homologous chromosomes align next to one another during

Back 51

Prophase 1

Front 52

In meiosis, homologous chromosomes separate during

Back 52

Anaphase 1

Front 53

In meiosis, chromosomes containing sister chromatids (not homologous chromosomes) align along the center of the cell during

Back 53

Metaphase 2

Front 54

In meiosis 2, cytokinesis results in the production of

Back 54

Four haploid daughter cells

Front 55

The process by which homologous chromosomes exchange genetic material

Back 55

Is crossing over

Front 56

Alternate forms of the same gene are

Back 56

Alleles

Front 57

What process creates daughter cells with a mixture of paternal maternal chromosomes?

Back 57

Independent assortment

Front 58

What is an advantage of sexual reproduction over asexual reproduction?

Back 58

Generic variability during an ecological disaster.

Front 59

Homologous chromosomes contain the same ____ but may contain different ____.

Back 59

Genes, allels

Front 60

Genes A and B are in the same chromosome. What gametes could an individual with the allele combination AABB produce

Back 60

AB

Front 61

What occurs in meiosis but not in mitosis

Back 61

Crossing over

Front 62

If a chromosome in one of your bone cells becomes mutated, you will not pass this mutation into your children because.

Back 62

Somatic cells cannot undergo meiosis

Front 63

Haploid cells lack what

Back 63

Homologous chromosomes

Front 64

What creates genetically different offspring in both asexual and sexual reproduction?

Back 64

Mutations

Front 65

What two processes results in genetically different products

Back 65

Meiosis and sexual reproduction

Front 66

What two processes results in genetically identical products

Back 66

Mitosis and asexual reproduction

Front 67

Generic information is passed from one generation to the next through

Back 67

1. DNA

2. Asexual reproduction

3. Sexual reproduction

4. Gametes

Hint 67

4 answers

Front 68

What is DNA and why is it important?

Back 68

It stores the information that each cell needs to produce proteins, DNA tells cells how they are going to function ,without it there would be no division or growth.

Front 69

What is the structure of DNA?

Back 69

DNA is a double helix made up of subunits called nucleotides.

Adenine

Thymine

Cytosine

Guanine

Front 70

What is central dogma?

Back 70

describes the two-step process, transcription and translation, by which the information in genes flows into proteins: DNA → RNA → protein.

Front 71

complementary bases

Back 71

Adenine to thymine

Cytosine to guanine

Front 72

Where does translation occur in the cell and what does it produce?

Back 72

In ribosomes and it produces proteins.

Front 73

Where does transcription occur in the cell and what does it produce?

Back 73

In the nucleus and produces a specific amino acid chain or a polypeptide.

Front 74

What are the differences between DNA and mRNA messenger?

Back 74

mRNA is single stranded and contains nucleotide uricel DNA is double stranded and contains nucleotide thymine

Front 75

What are mutations and what causes them?

Back 75

A change in a cell's DNA sequence. Cause by exposure to radiation, exposure to tobacco, errors in DNA replication, errors during meiosis

Front 76

Why are viruses considered not to be alive?

Back 76

They have no energy metabolism, they do not grow, they produce no waste products, and they do not respond to stimuli. They also don't reproduce independently but must replicate by invading living cells.

Front 77

What are prions, and what diseases do they cause?

Back 77

A infectious agent also known as "proteinaceous infectious particle" it causes cells of the nervous system to die. And the brain eventually fills with holes.

Front 78

What are the functions of cell division?

Back 78

Reproduction, growth, and repair

Front 79

Phases of mitosis

Back 79

Interphase, prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, cytokinesis

Front 80

What is a benign tumor?

Back 80

Are slow growing and harmless unless they become large enough to disrupt near by tissues and organs.

Front 81

What is a malignant tumor?

Back 81

It invades adjacent tissue.

Front 82

What is metastasis?

Back 82

Its cells can break away from the original mass and travel into the bloodstream or lymphatic system to colonize other areas of the body.

Front 83

What are the differences between asexual and sexual reproduction?

Back 83

1. Asexual only requires one organism sexual requires a male and female to reproduce.

2. Asexual reproduction is completed in a short time while sexual reproduction takes several months.

3. Asexual cell divides by fission sexual cell divides by meiosis.

Front 84

What are the similarities between asexual and sexual reproduction?

Back 84

1. Both produce an offspring

2. Both use cell division

Front 85

What are some disadvantages to asexual reproduction?

Back 85

1. One plant disease can wipe out an entire population.

2. Increased competition

Front 86

What are some advantages to asexual reproduction?

Back 86

1. Reproduce quickly

2. You only need yourself to reproduce you don't have to have a partner.

Front 87

What does a diploid contain?

Back 87

Contains two full sets of chromosomes one set from each parent.

Front 88

What does a haploid contain?

Back 88

Contains only one full set of genetic information.

Front 89

What are homologous chromosomes?

Back 89

A matching pair of chromosomes that look alike and carry the same sequence of genes for the same traits.

Front 90

What is crossing over?

Back 90

Exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during prophase 1 of meiosis.

Front 91

What is fertilization?

Back 91

The union of two gametes

Front 92

What is zygote?

Back 92

The fused egg and down that develops into a diploid individual.

Front 93

Phases of meiosis.

Back 93

Interphase, prophase 1, metaphase 1, anaphase 1, telophase 1, metaphase 2, anaphase 2, telophase 2

Front 94

What are the sources of genetic variation?

Back 94

Mutation, gene flow, sex

Front 95

Comparison of mitosis and meiosis.

Back 95

1. Both associated the cytokinesis

2. End result of both are daughter cells

3. Both have cell division