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37 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
chromosome map
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a diagram of allele positions on a chromosome.
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deletion
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a mutation in which a segment of DNA breaks off of a chromosome.
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frame-shift mutation
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a mutation that results in the misreading of the code during translation because of a change in the reading frame.
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germ-cell mutation
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a change in the DNA of a sex cell.
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inversion
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a mutation that occurs when a chromosome piece breaks off and reattches in the reverse orientation.
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lethal mutation
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mutations that cause death, often before birth.
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linckage group
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the group of genes, located on the same chromosome, that are usually inheerited together.
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map unit
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a unit in chromosome mapping equal to 1 percent occurrence of crossing-over.
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nondisjunction
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the failure of homologous chromosomes to seperate during meiosis or the failure of sister chromatids to seperate during mitosis.
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point mutation
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the change of a single nitrogen-containing base within a codon.
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sex linkage
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the presencce of a gene on a sex chromosome.
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sickle cell anemia
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a genetic disorder caused by a point mutation that sustitutes adenine for thymine in a single DNA codon.
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somatic mutation
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a mutation that occurs in a body cell.
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substitution
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a point mutation in which one nucleotide in a codon is replaced with a different nucleotide.
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translocation
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a mutation in which a broken piece of chromosome attaches to a nonhomologous chromosome; movement of organic molecules in plant tissues.
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X-linked gene
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a gene found on the X chromosome.
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Y-linked gene
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a gene found on the Y chromosome.
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amniocentesis
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a procedure used in fetal diagnosis in which fetal cells are removed from the amniotic fluid.
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carrier
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individuals who have one copy of a recessive autosomal allele; they usually do not express the recessive allele, but they can pass it along to their offspring.
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chronic villi sampling
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a procedure involving the analysis of the chronic villi to diagnosis fetal genotypes.
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colorblindness
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a recessive X-linked disorder in which an individual cannot distinguish between certain colors.
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Down syndrome
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a disorder caused by an extra twenty-first chromosome and characterized by a number of physical and mental abnormalities.
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Duchenne muscular dystrophy
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a form of muscular dystrophy that weakens and progressively destroys muscle tissue.
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genetic counseling
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the process of informing a couple about their gentic makeup, which has the potential to affect their offspring.
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genetic disorder
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a disease that has a genetic basis.
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genetic marker
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a short section of DNA that indicates the presence of an allele that codes for a trait.
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genetic screening
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an examination of a person's genetic makeup.
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hemophilia
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a trait in which the blood lacks a protein that is essential for clotting.
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Huntington's disease (HD)
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a human genetic disorder caused by a dominant allele resulting in involuntary movements, mental deterioration, and eventual death.
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monosomy
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a condition in a diploid cell in which one pair is missing as a result of nondisjunction during meiosis.
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pedigree
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a diagram of the gentic history of an individual; can show how a trait is inherited over several generations.
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phenylketonuria (PKU)
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a genetic disorder in which the body cannot metabolize phentlalanine.
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polygenic trait
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a trait controlled by multiple genes.
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sex-influenced trait
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a trait that is influenced by the presence of male or female sex hormones.
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single-allele trait
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trait controlled by a single allele.
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trisomy
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a chromosomal anomaly in which an individual has an extra chromosome in any of the chromosome pairs.
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trisomy-21
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a human cogenital disorder caused by trisomy of chromosome 21 due to the failure of the sister chromatids to seperate during meiosis.
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