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112 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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11 characteristics of prokaryotes |
1. Unicellular 2. Typically small 3. Three different shapes 4. Have peptidoglycan 5. Flagella 6. Simpler than eukaryotes 7. Binary fission 8. Endospores 9. Genetic diversity 10. Metabolically diverse 11. Oxygen relationship |
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What are the three shapes a prokaryote can have |
Spherical Rod Spiral |
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What are the three purposes of cell walls |
Maintain cell shape Protect cells Prevent cell lysis |
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Gram staining does what |
Reflects the thickness of the peptidoglycan layer of the cell wall |
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Grab staining does what |
Reflects the thickness of the peptidoglycan layer of the cell wall |
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What are the different steps of gram staining |
Fixation
Crystal violet (gives stain)
Iodine (helps bacteria keeps it colour )
Counter stain |
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What kind of thickness of layers does gram+ and gram - bacteria have |
Positive - thick (purple) Negative- thin( white) |
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What are three cell surface structures |
Capsules Fimbriae Pili |
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What are three cell surface structures |
Capsules Fimbriae Pili |
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Purpose of capsules ( a layer of protein or polysaccharide that surrounds the cell walls) |
-stick cells together or too other surfaces -protect cells against destination -shield pathogenic prokaryotes from host immune system |
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What are three cell surface structures |
Capsules Fimbriae Pili |
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Purpose of capsules ( a layer of protein or polysaccharide that surrounds the cell walls) |
-stick cells together or too other surfaces -protect cells against destination -shield pathogenic prokaryotes from host immune system |
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What do fimbriae (short hair like structures composed of protein) do |
-stick cells together -stick cells to other surfaces |
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What are three cell surface structures |
Capsules Fimbriae Pili |
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Purpose of capsules ( a layer of protein or polysaccharide that surrounds the cell walls) |
-stick cells together or too other surfaces -protect cells against destination -shield pathogenic prokaryotes from host immune system |
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What do fimbriae ( shirt hair like structures composed of protein) do |
-stick cells together -stick cells to other surfaces |
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What do pili (composed of protein and are longer and less numerous than fimbriae) do |
-attach cells to each other -serve as a bridge for the transfer of DNA conjugation |
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What is a flagella |
It is composed of proteins and is a stiff like propeller containing a motor, rod and, filament |
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What is a flagella |
It is composed of proteins and is a stiff like propeller containing a motor, rod and, filament |
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How does the flagella work |
Motor: series of rings located in the cell wall Rod: Connects the motor to the hook and filament Filament: rotates and propels a cell forward or backwards
The movement is a energy required process where the inward movement of H+ is needed for bacteria rather than the hydrolysis of ATP |
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True or false : flagella of bacteria , archea, and eukaryotes all come from one common ancestor |
F , they all evolved independently |
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What is biofilm |
Formation of multiple cells |
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Escherichia Coli and Staphylococcus aureus are what gram + or - |
Ecoli - Aureus + |
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Prokaryotes are simpler than eukaryotes how ? |
-lack : internal compartmentalization A nucleus and a endomembrane system Membrane bound organelles (chloroplasts, mitochondria)
Have smaller ribosomes that differ in proteins and RNA content
Have smaller region called (nucleoid) where a single circular chromosome is -less DNA than eukaryotes -plasmids |
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What are plasmids |
Independent replicated DNA molecules |
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What does the thylakoid membrane do |
It is the plasma membrane infolding to take over the function of photosynthesis and respiration because there is no chloroplasts and mitochondria |
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How do prokaryotes form new cells |
Binary fission , they cannot divide mitotically |
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What does the thylakoid membrane do |
It is the plasma membrane infolding to take over the function of photosynthesis and respiration because there is no chloroplasts and mitochondria |
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How do prokaryotes form new cells |
Binary fission , they cannot divide mitotically |
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How does binary fission benefit prokaryotes |
Very rapid process - large pop. That can out compete unicellular eukaryotes -evolve and mutate in short periods of time |
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What gram can create endospores |
Positive |
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Seven characteristics of endospores |
1. Are resistant survival structures 2. Contain DNA and ribosomes 3. Very thick walled 4. Contain little water 5. Are capable of surviving harsh environments 6. Are metabolically inactive 7. Are capable or remaining dormant for long periods of time 25 mil yr |
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What are the components of an endosprorium |
Back (Definition) |
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What is the lifecycle of endospores |
1. Stressful situation for gram positive bacteria activate the creation of endospores 8h 2. Endospore is released and the cell dies 3. Can exist by itself so as long as the environment is consistent 4. Activation / germination occurs and endospore creates a vegetative cell |
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What is activation/ germination of endospores |
Process is minutes long , when available water and nutrients are available to create an vegetative cell |
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True or false: once the process of activation is started it can be reversed |
False , once the process is started it must continue |
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Four ways to become genetically different in prokaryotes |
1. Mutation 2. Transformation 3. Transduction 4. Conjugation |
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Four ways to become genetically different in prokaryotes |
1. Mutation 2. Transformation 3. Transduction 4. Conjugation |
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Four ways to become genetically different in prokaryotes |
1. Mutation 2. Transformation 3. Transduction 4. Conjugation |
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Define transformation and it's process |
Define : uptake of DNA plasmids or chromosomes by a cell from its surroundings Process : if the DNA fragment it broken it needs to join the main chromosome or it will be Discarded and an unsuccessfully transformation If the DNA is a whole piece it will be a stable transformation |
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Define transduction and it's process |
Define: transfer of genes between prokaryotes and bacteriaphages Process: Injects viral DNA dies Injects other cell DNA successful transfer |
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Define conjugation and it's process |
Define: transfer of DNA between two prokaryotic cells that are temporarily joined together Process: F plasmid transfer F- if total plasmid is not transferred or is not connected into the DNA chromosome F+ total plasmid is transferred over ( only one that cab create an pili) |
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What two types of autotroph are there |
Photoautotroph Energy : light Carbon: co2 hco3-
Chemoautotrophs Energy: inorganic chemicals Carbon: co2 hco3- |
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What two types of autotroph are there |
Photoautotroph Energy : light Carbon: co2 hco3-
Chemoautotrophs Energy: inorganic chemicals Carbon: co2 hco3- |
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What type of organisms are photoautrotrophs |
Cyanobacteria Algae |
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What two types of autotroph are there |
Photoautotroph Energy : light Carbon: co2 hco3-
Chemoautotrophs Energy: inorganic chemicals Carbon: co2 hco3- |
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What type of organisms are photoautrotrophs |
Cyanobacteria Algae |
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What type of organisms are chemoautotroph |
Sulfobus |
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What two types of autotroph are there |
Photoautotroph Energy : light Carbon: co2 hco3-
Chemoautotrophs Energy: inorganic chemicals Carbon: co2 hco3- |
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What type of organisms are photoautrotrophs |
Cyanobacteria Algae |
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What type of organisms are chemoautotroph |
Sulfobus |
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What are two types of heterotrophs |
Photoheterotroph Energy: light Carbon: organic compounds
Chemoheterotroph Energy: organic compounds Carbon: organic compounds |
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What types of organisms are photoheterotrophic |
Rhodobacteria Chloroflexus |
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Obligate aerobes have what respiration |
Require 02 for respiration More efficient way to breath |
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Obligate anaerobes have what respiration |
Are killed by 02 -use incomplete oxidize substrates |
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Obligate anaerobes have what respiration |
Are killed by 02 -use incomplete oxidize substrates |
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Facultative anaerobes use what respiration |
Uses O2 if present, but uses fermentation otherwise |
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What is nitrogen fixation. |
Converting N2 to ammonia and glutamine Carried out by cells called heterocysts |
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What three things have been discovered about prokaryotes by comparing DNA |
1. Are represented by two domains 2. Only a small fraction are culturable 3. Horizontal gene transfer is common in prokaryotes and has obscured evolutionary relationships |
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Domain archaea has what kingdoms |
Korarchaeotes Euryarchaeotes Crenarchaeotes Nanoarchaeotes |
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What three things have been discovered about prokaryotes by comparing DNA |
1. Are represented by two domains 2. Only a small fraction are culturable 3. Horizontal gene transfer is common in prokaryotes and has obscured evolutionary relationships |
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Domain archaea has what phylums |
Korarchaeotes Euryarchaeotes Crenarchaeotes Nanoarchaeotes |
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What phylums does domain bacteria have |
Proteobacteria Chlamydias Spirochetes Cyanobacteria Gram + |
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Archaea means what |
Ancient things |
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Archaea means what |
Ancient things |
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Domain archaea has three types of bacteria |
1. Extreme halophiles 2. Extreme thermophiles 3. Methanogens |
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Archaea means what |
Ancient things |
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Domain archaea has three types of bacteria |
1. Extreme halophiles 2. Extreme thermophiles 3. Methanogens |
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What are halophiles |
Salt lovers Require or tolerate high solute levels to maintain there plasma membrane and cell wall |
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What are thermophiles |
Lovers of heat Thrive in environments that range from 80-121degrees Hot springs Volcanic springs Oceanic hydrothermal vents |
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What are methanogens |
Anaerobic species that obtain energy by reducing co2 to methane ch4 |
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What are methanogens |
Anaerobic species that obtain energy by reducing co2 to methane ch4 |
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What habits do methanogens live |
1. Anoxic sediments -marshes ,swamps, lake sediments , sewage treatment tanks 2. Geothermal sources- hydrothermal vents 3. Animal digestive tracts -hindguts of celluloytic insects , ruminants, Cecil animals, monogastric animals |
There are three |
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Phylum Eurkarchaeta includes what ? |
Extreme halophiles All methanogens And some thermophiles "Broad archaea" |
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Phylum crenarchaeota includes what |
Most thermophilic archaea "Spring" |
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Phylum korchaeota includes what |
Hydrothermal environments
Were discovered in the hot springs in Yellowstone national park |
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Phylum korchaeota includes what |
Hydrothermal environments
Were discovered in the hot springs in Yellowstone national park |
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Phylum nanoarchaeota includes what |
Smallest known organisms Discovered in hydrothermal vent Are always as a parasite onto another bacterium |
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Domain bacteria includes all ________ and ________ pathogenic prokaryotes |
Photosynthetic Vertebrate |
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Gram positive bacteria include four major types which are what |
1.streptomyces spp 2. Mycoplasma spp. 3. Bacillus spp. 4. Clostridium spp. |
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Domain bacteria includes all ________ and ________ pathogenic prokaryotes |
Photosynthetic Vertebrate |
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Gram positive bacteria include four major types which are what |
1.streptomyces spp 2. Mycoplasma spp. 3. Bacillus spp. 4. Clostridium spp. |
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What species of clostridium are their? |
Neurotoxins: tetani ( tetanimospasmin) , Botlmulinum Cytotoxin : perffringens -el green
All three are anerobic and endospore forming |
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Clostridium tetani is what |
Tetanus |
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Clostridium tetani is what |
Tetanus |
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How do you get tetanus |
When endospores are launched into a wound infection or contaminated cut where they are exposed to deep tissue, the endospores block the release of inhibitory neurotransmitters receptors |
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Clostridium tetani is what |
Tetanus |
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How do you get tetanus |
When endospores are launched into a wound infection or contaminated cut where they are exposed to deep tissue, the endospores block the release of inhibitory neurotransmitters receptors |
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Why do you get prolonged contractions of skeleton muscles because of tetanus |
The neurotransmitters keep firing |
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Clostridium tetani is what |
Tetanus |
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How do you get tetanus |
When endospores are launched into a wound infection or contaminated cut where they are exposed to deep tissue, the endospores block the release of inhibitory neurotransmitters receptors |
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Why do you get prolonged contractions of skeleton muscles because of tetanus |
The neurotransmitters keep firing |
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Symptoms of tetanus |
Facial spasms Fever Lock jaw High blood pressure Sweating Followed by : neck stiffness Difficult breathing Back and adominal pain Chest pain |
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How many days until you die from tetanus |
4 with a morality rate from 10-75% |
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The biological importance of prokaryotes |
1.prokaryotes were the sole inhabitants of earth from at least 3.5 bil yr to 2.1 bil yr and are responsible for the oxygen evolution |
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The biological importance of prokaryotes |
1.prokaryotes were the sole inhabitants of earth from at least 3.5 bil yr to 2.1 bil yr and are responsible for the oxygen evolution 2. Prokaryotes are capable of doing nitrogen fixation 3. Prokaryotes are decomposes and play key roles in nutrient recycling 4. Prokaryotes are primary producers 5. Prokaryotes are symbionts of eukarya and of other prokaryotes |
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Oxygen is significant evolutionary because it lead to |
1.metabolic diversification Aerobic respiration 2. Formation of the ozone shield -protect cells from the damages of uv radiation - the exploitation of new habitat -multicellularity |
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_______ and _______ drive organisms in evolution |
Mutualism Parasitism |
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5 characteristics of Protists |
1. Eukaryotic 2. Usually unicellular 3. Capable of asexual and sexual reproduction 4. Nutritionally diverse |
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5 characteristics of Protists |
1. Eukaryotic 2. Usually unicellular 3. Capable of asexual and sexual reproduction 4. Nutritionally diverse |
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2 Endosymbiotic events ( the engulfment of one cell by another cell) |
Primary events: mitochondria and plasmids Secondary events: diversification of photosynthetic eukarya Eg: oxygen revolution |
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5 characteristics of Protists |
1. Eukaryotic 2. Usually unicellular 3. Capable of asexual and sexual reproduction 4. Nutritionally diverse |
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2 Endosymbiotic events ( the engulfment of one cell by another cell) |
Primary events: mitochondria and plasmids Secondary events: diversification of photosynthetic eukarya Eg: oxygen revolution |
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Who was Lynn margulis |
American biologist That promoted the endosymbiotic events |
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5 characteristics of Protists |
1. Eukaryotic 2. Usually unicellular 3. Capable of asexual and sexual reproduction 4. Nutritionally diverse |
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2 Endosymbiotic events ( the engulfment of one cell by another cell) |
Primary events: mitochondria and plasmids Secondary events: diversification of photosynthetic eukarya Eg: oxygen revolution |
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Who was Lynn margulis |
American biologist That promoted the endosymbiotic events |
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Eukaryotes arose from prokaryotes through what |
1. An infolding of the cell membrane to form the nuclear membrane and endomembrane system
2.the uptake of prokaryotic cells by these nucleated cells a little more than 2bil yr |
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Endosymbiotic theory |
A plasma membrane unfolds to create -mitochondria: evolved when an aerobic heterotrophic prokaryotic enterned and was retained by a nucleated host cells -plasmids: evolved later when a photosynthetic prokaryote entered and was retained by an aerobic heterotrophic eukaryote |
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Endosymbiotic theory |
A plasma membrane unfolds to create -mitochondria: evolved when an aerobic heterotrophic prokaryotic enterned and was retained by a nucleated host cells -plasmids: evolved later when a photosynthetic prokaryote entered and was retained by an aerobic heterotrophic eukaryote |
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All mitochondrial cells branched from ____ |
1 eukaryotic cell |
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Evidence for primary endosymbiosis |
1. Enzyme and transport systems located on the inner membranes of mitochondria and plasmids are homologous to those found in extant bacteria 2. Replication of mitochondria and plasmids resemble binary fission 3. Mitochondria and plastids contain a single circular chromosome that lacks histones 4.ribosomes of mitochondria and plasmids resemble those of bacteria with respect to their size , sensitivity to certain antibiotics and RNA sequences |
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