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55 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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effects of CF on the lungs
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mucus is too thick, unable to move. higher chance of lung infection
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gas exchange surfaces
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large surface area large capillary density thin cells walls |
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rate of diffusion
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rate of diffusion= surface area X difference in concentration ------------------------------------------------------------- thickness of the exchange surface |
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primary structure of a protein |
AMINO ACID amine group- H- - O - carbocyclic -N - C - C Acid H- -OH |
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Secondary structure
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chain of amino acids - forms a double helix or beta pleated sheet - hydrogen bonds are formed |
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tertiary structure
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R-groups form intermolecular bonds as it twists into its final structure
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mucus
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protien produced in the luncgs to prevent infection
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cilia
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small hair like structures found on epithelial cells inside the lungs
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epithelial cell
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found in lining of tubes, have a pathing like structure |
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diffusion
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exchange of gasses from one surface to another
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surface area
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rate of diffusion is directly proportional to the surface area. as the surface area increases the rate of diffuision increases
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concentration gradient
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rate of diffusion is directly proportional to the difference in concentration across the gas exchange surface. the greated the concentration graident the faster the diffusion
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thickness of gas exchange surface
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rate of diffusion is inversely proportional to the thickness of the gas exchange surface. the thicker the surface the slower the diffusion
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conjugated proteins
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contain another chemical group associated with their polypeptide chains
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globular proteins
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are soluable e.g enzymes, important for metabolic reactions fold up into a ball shape |
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fibrous proteins |
do not fold up into a ball insoluable polypeptide chains can be cross linked for additional strength e.g. keratin in hair and skin |
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bilayer
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7nm wide made of phospholipids creates two distinct lines |
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phospholipids
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hydrophilic glycerol head 2 hydrophobic fatty acid tails phosphate group -ve charge |
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glycoproteins
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protein molecules with polysaccharides attached (receptor on cell wall) |
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glycolipid
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lipid molecule with polysaccharides attached (receptor on the cell wall) |
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fluid mosaic model
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currently accepted theory for the structure of the cell membrane
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facilitated diffuaion
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cross through the bilayer with the aid of proteins-carrier proteins (transport is still passive) goes from high concentration to low |
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channel proteins
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protein that allows certian ions thorugh if the chennel has been chemically signled on
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passive transport
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referes to the fact there is no metabolic energy needed for the transport
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osmosis
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new movement of water molecules from a solution with lower concentration of solutew to a solution with a higher concentration on solute throuhg a partially permeable membrane
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active transport
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substance if moved across a membrane again a concentration graident (from low to high) then energy is required
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exocytosis
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transport of large molecules out of the cell through the cell surface membrane with the aid of vesicles (small membrane-bound sacs)
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endocytosis
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transport of large molecules into the cell though the cell surface membrane with the aid of vesicles (small membrane-bound sacs) |
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lock-and-key theory
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molecule has a complamentary shape. substrate molecules from tempory bonds with the amino acids of the active site to produce an enzyme-substrate complex. enzyme holds the substrate in a way in which they react easier. when reaction takes place the product is released leaving the enzyme unchanged |
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induced fit theory
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the enzyme has an active site that is flexable when the substrate enters the active site it will close around the substrate
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gene
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a sequence of bases on a DNA
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DNA
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type of nucleic acid, deoxyribonucleic acid. long chain of nucleotides |
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triplet code
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thress-base pair
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RNA
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a copy of DNA swapping thymine for uracil used during synthesis as RNA can leave the nucleus |
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transcription
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takes place in the nucleus strands unzip template strand is used dor the production of RNA |
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nuclear envelope
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the two membranes that bsurround the nucleus
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translation
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takes place on ribosomes (on the endoplasmic reticulum) tamplate strand is changhed into a DNA strand |
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anticodon
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triplet code when u replaces t. complimentary to a codon
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codon
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triplet code when u replaces t. complimentary to an anticodon |
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ribosome
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small organelles made of RNA protein
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replicatoin
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process of copying DNA
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semi-condervative replication
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DNA half unzips, free ribosomes attach themselves to the exposed section of DNA and form together to complete two new DNA strands are build identically to the origonal DNA
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mutation
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where and incporrect base my slip into place
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mutation of CF
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the CF gene is in a section of DNA on chromosome 7 carrying the code to make the CFTR protien. if one of the codes is wrong, the CFTR protein will not open in the cell membrane which reduces chloride ion movement in the cell. this makes the mucus too thick and hard to move |
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locus
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position of each chromosome pair
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homologous chromosomes
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one chromosome from each parent
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carrier |
someone who has one normal allele and one mutated allele
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genotype
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the way in which the alleles are structured
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phenotype
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which characteristic is caused b the genotype
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homozygoys
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two identical copies of an allele
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domiant
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the phenotype will be shown even if the person is heterozygous
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recessive
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phenotype will only be shown if the person is homozygous |
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monohybrid inheritance
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characteristics are controlled by one gene
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CF treatments
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medication-antibiotics for lung infections diet-eat high energy foods digestive enzyme supplements physiotherapy-pummeling to losen mucus heart/lung transplant- if lung become inefficient |
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how can screening be used?
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to identify carriers testing embryos-amniocentesis, amniotic fluid is tested chrionic villus sampling-placenta tissue is tested to confirm diagnosis testing before implantation-in vitro fertilisation |
