Biology 2 Exam 4

Front 1

Redundancy Hypothesis

Back 1

Organisms in the same area have the same job. Coexist despite the redundant job.

Front 2

Carrying Capacity

Back 2

The maximum population size that a certain environment can support over time.

Front 3

Desert

Back 3

-Doesn't rain.
-Animals store water.
-Plants have long roots.

Front 4

Alpine/Arctic Tundras

Back 4

-Long winters
-Shrubs
-Grasses
-Permafrost

Front 5

Taiga

Back 5

-Long winters
-Short summers
-Evergreen forest (gymnosperms)
-A lot of lakes

Ex: Michigan

Front 6

Grasslands

Back 6

-Temperature is the same as NJ
-Seasonal rains (A lot, causing floods. Or it doesn't rain at all).
-Food chains dominated by large animals
-Less availability of water then temperate deciduous forest.

Front 7

Tropical Rain Forest

Back 7

-Most fragile
-High species diversity
-Rapid recycling of nutrients

-Plants grow out of dead plants, since there isn't good nutrients in the soil.

Front 8

Biological vs chemical controls of pests

Back 8

Biological is the preferred option
-Introduce predators
-Introduce disease that only affects pests.
-Limit food supply.

Chemical gets into the soil and pollutes surrounding area.

Front 9

Eutrophication

Back 9

-Too much fertilizer gets into a lake via run-off.
-Algae grows rapidly
-Algae uses up all the oxygen in the lake, killing everything.
-Lake dies.

Front 10

Metapopulation

Back 10

A huge population of animals consisting of smaller isolated populations.

Front 11

Primary vs secondary succession

Back 11

Primary= Start out from scratch on solid rock
- Volcanic rock can have primary succession occur.

Secondary=Nature rebuilds itself from a former community
-Ex: forest fire or an abandoned farm.

Front 12

Climax Community

Back 12

The final type of community the area can support after succession ends.
-Climate changes -> climax community changes.
-Lakes are never a climax community because they will eventually get filled in or dried up.

Front 13

Pioneer Species

Back 13

Lichens
-They are the first thing to appear on solid rock.
-They are two organisms intertwined (algae/fungus)
-The algae makes sugar (via photosynthesis)
-The fungus uses some of this sugar to sustain life.
-The fungus helps the algae by providing more rain water.

Front 14

Predator-Prey Relationships

Back 14

Prey reproduce fast, have large number of offspring.
-The more prey, the more predators can be around.
-Balance of Nature.

Front 15

Role of Bacteria

Back 15

-Decomposer
-Saprophytes

Front 16

Food Pyramid

Back 16

Top - Quaternary
4th - Tertiary
3rd - Secondary
2nd - Primary
1st - Producer (autotroph)

As you go up, there are less consumers and biomass. Also, less energy available.

Always more biomass than other consumers.

Front 17

DDT

Back 17

Pesticide used to kill off mosquitos.
-Some species of mosquitos were immune to it.
-Didn't really solve problems, made it worse.
-Caused birth defects in animals and humans.

-Nonbiodegradeable, it becomes concentrated in animal tissues. More concentrated the higher up the food chain you go.

-It's the cause of the endangerment of the bald eagle.

Front 18

Fast moving stream has ___________.

Back 18

High levels of oxygen.

Front 19

Temperate Deciduous Forest

Back 19

4 seasons, deer, leaves fall off of trees in fall.

Front 20

Edge Effect

Back 20

The effect of the juxtaposition or placing side by side of contrasting environments on an ecosystem.

Front 21

Island Biogeography Model

Back 21

A field within biogeography that attempts to establish and explain the factors that affect the species richness of natural communities.

Front 22

Keystone Species

Back 22

A species that has a disproportionately large effect on its environment relative to its abundance.

Front 23

Batesian Mimicry

Back 23

An edible animal is protected by its resemblance to a noxious one that is avoided by predators.

Front 24

Biotic Potential

Back 24

The maximum reproductive capacity of a population if resources are unlimited.

-Full expression of the biotic potential of an organism is restricted by environmental resistance, any condition that inhibits the increase in number of the population.

Front 25

Density Dependent

Back 25

Describes a situation in which population growth is curtailed by crowding, predators and competition.

Front 26

Density Independent

Back 26

Where factors such as weather or environmental conditions and disturbances may affect a population's carrying capacity.

Front 27

Population

Back 27

All individuals of a species.

Front 28

Community

Back 28

An assemblage of populations of different species, interacting with one another.

Front 29

Ecosystem

Back 29

A biological community of interacting organisms and their physical environment.

Front 30

Organism

Back 30

An individual animal, plant, or single-celled life form.

Front 31

Habitat

Back 31

The natural home or environment of an animal, plant, or other organism.

Front 32

Predation

Back 32

The preying of one animal on others.

Front 33

Mutualism

Back 33

Symbiosis that is beneficial to both organisms involved.

Front 34

Commensualism

Back 34

An association between two organisms in which one benefits and the other derives neither benefit nor harm.

Front 35

Food Pyramid

Back 35

Top - Quaternary
4th - Tertiary
3rd - Secondary
2nd - Primary
1st - Producer (autotroph)

As you go up, there are less consumers and biomass. Also, less energy available.

Always more biomass than other consumers.

Front 36

DDT

Back 36

Pesticide used to kill off mosquitos.
-Some species of mosquitos were immune to it.
-Didn't really solve problems, made it worse.
-Caused birth defects in animals and humans.

-Nonbiodegradeable, it becomes concentrated in animal tissues. More concentrated the higher up the food chain you go.

-It's the cause of the endangerment of the bald eagle.

Front 37

Fast moving stream has ___________.

Back 37

High levels of oxygen.

Front 38

Competition

Back 38

The activity or condition of competing.

Front 39

Parasitism

Back 39

The relation between two different kinds of organisms in which one receives benefits from the other by causing damage to it

Front 40

k and r Selected organisms

Back 40

r-selection: creatures produce many offspring and a few survive.

k-selection: a few competitive offspring survive.

In an unstable environment, r-selection is an advantage, because the numerous offspring are more likely to find a favorable adaptation within the variation of the population.

Front 41

r selection

Back 41

J-shape

Front 42

k selection

Back 42

S-Shape