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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
How does the replication of DNA take place?
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5-prime, 3-prime direction (continuous)
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What binds pieces together with the discontinuous pieces (other stand)?
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DNA-ligase
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What is the basic pattern of protein synthesis?
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DNA replication to transcription to RNA to translation
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What moves along the DNA assembling mRNA?
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RNA-polymerase
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What are start and stop sequences?
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determines when to start/stop, usually followed by promotor region
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What happens to mRNA molecules in protein synthesis in prokaryotes?
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they're used directly in protein synthesis
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What happens to mRNA molecules in eukaryotes?
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go through "editing" process, using spliceosomes where some segments are cut out=introns or reassmbled into mRNA which leaves the nucleus=exons
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What is involved in translation?
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mRNA(blueprint for how the assembly of amino acids), ribosomes, transfer RNA(w/amino acids), Energy (ATP>P), enzymes
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What are ribosomes made of?
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ribosomal RNA and proteins, they're catalysts for protein synthesis, functional positions called the P and A sites
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What are codons?
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small subunit attches to mRNA, a 3 letter sequence of nucleotides
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What occupies the P site?
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initiator tRNA (with methionine), (AUG codon)
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What is in the A site?
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large subunit attaches and A site is filled with coded tRNA-amino acids complex
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What is formed between two amino acids?
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peptide bonds
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what happens when the stop codon is reached?
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protein chain is released from ribosome complex
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what is assembly of protein called?
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elongation
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why is a 3-letter code used?
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four nucleotides taken 3 at a time will code for 64 amino acids
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How does the genetic code begin?
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sequence of nucleotides in a DNA molecule
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What happens to the DNA code first?
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it is TRANSCRIBED to mRNA
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What happens after the DNA has been transcribed to mRNA?
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the ribosome and tRNA assemble proteins of specific sequence by matching codons and anticodons
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What does the amino acid sequence determine?
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the shape of the molecule and thus its function
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What is an example and what does a retrovirus do?
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AIDS, reverse the normal flow of DNA to mRNA to protein (does opposite)
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What enzyme does retroviruses use?
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reverse transcriptase
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What is antiobody diversity?
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editing possible at the DNA level as well as at the mRNA level
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what does a gene do?
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sections of DNA that code for amino acids?
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What is they system called that name organisms and who first put it together?
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binomial system, Linnaeus in 1700's in 2 books "Species Plantatum" and "Systema Nature"
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How does the sporophyte generation produce spores? what about gametophyte?
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meiosis, mitosis
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What group of organisms occumpy extreme conditions? name them
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Archaea, methane-productin, halophiles, thermophiles
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What are the kingdoms of eukaryotes?
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Plantae, Fungi, Animalia, Protista
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What is some general info about Protists?
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"catch all" group, all life cycles, wide diversity: algae, protozoa, slime molds, water molds
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info about fungi kingdom?
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haploid life cycle, nutrition by absorption, no motile cells except chytrids, chitin cell wall
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