Biological Bases And Memory

Front 1

What are the different types of Memory?

Back 1

Episodic, Semantic

Front 2

Remembering what you ate for lunch yesterday is an example of what type of Memory?

Back 2

Episodic

Front 3

What are the three processes of Memory?

Back 3

Encoding, Storage and Retrieval

Front 4

Who was the first person to investigate Memory?

Back 4

Hermann Ebbinghaus

Front 5

Miller's Experiment suggests we have a capacity to recall how many items?

Back 5

7, plus or minus 2

Front 6

What Memory is defined as recalling ideas, concepts and facts?

Back 6

Semantic

Front 7

Who first developed the Multi-Store Model of Memory?

Back 7

Atkinson and Shiffrin

Front 8

What are the three stages of Memory?

Back 8

Sensory Memory, Short Term Memory and Long Term Memory

Front 9

What's an example of Shallow processing?

Back 9

Using the sound and shape of a word to remember it

Front 10

What is an example of deep processing?

Back 10

Attaching meaning to it, relating it to other ideas/concepts

Front 11

What is a Schema?

Back 11

An example of prior knowledge, a cognitive framework organised into patterns and examples

Front 12

What is Anterograde Amnesia?

Back 12

When you can't form new memories and you forget things that just happened (About 20 seconds ago)

Front 13

What is Retrograde Amnesia?

Back 13

Losing memories of prior events

Front 14

What is Consolidation?

Back 14

The processes in which memories becomes more stable and established overtime (Less susceptible to interference and disruption)

Front 15

What is "Method of Loci"?

Back 15

When items needed to be remembered are visualised in specific locations

Front 16

What is Encoding-Retreival Context?

Back 16

The idea that when learning information (Encoding), we more easily recall it in similar environments to the one we learnt it in (Retrieval)

Front 17

What is Phenomenology?

Back 17

A Philosophical study of the way we subjectively and objectively experience things

Front 18

How does Amnesia affect Memory?

Back 18

Long-term episodic memory is disrupted, and new Semantic memory cannot be formed. Prior Semantic memory remains intact, as well as skill learning

Front 19

What is Priming?

Back 19

The idea that exposure to something might influence someone's response to a similar stimulus

Front 20

What are some types of Implicit Memory?

Back 20

Skill learning, habits, Priming, conditioning

Front 21

What are four errors that relate to forgetting?

Back 21

Transience decay - A change in the biology of a memory trace

Blocking/Retrieval Failure - Unabale to fully recall information

Encoding failure - Failure to pay attention/learnt something properly

Persistence - Unwanted remembering Eg. PTSD

Front 22

What is/and are the difference between Retroactive and Proactive Interference?

Back 22

Retroactive; When new things learnt affects and worsens you're prior knowledge (Eg. Learning a new language causes you to confuse them sometimes now)

Proactive; When old learning inhibits your ability to learn new things

(Eg. You always park your car in the same spot at work, so when you change spots for once you forget where you've now parked)

Front 23

What are 3 errors that contribute to Memory Distortion?

Back 23

Misattribution - Assigning a memory to the wrong source

Bias - Influence of current knowledge onto past events

Suggestiblilty - Altering memory because of misleading information

Front 24

How many neurons are in the brain?

Back 24

About 86 billion

Front 25

What is Pareodolia?

Back 25

The tendency to see specific meaningful images in random/ambiguous patterns

(Eg. A face on a tree)

Front 26

What are the two nervous systems?

Back 26

Central and Peripheral

Front 27

What are the four lobes of the brain?

Back 27

Occipital, temporal, frontal and parietal

Front 28

What are the 4 main components of a neruon?

Back 28

Dendrites - Receive info from other neurons

Soma (Cell body) - Contain Nucleus and cytoplasm

Axon - Information is sent away from the call body towards other neurons

Presynaptic/Axon Terminal - The connection where other neurons receive responses

Front 29

What's the average Neuron Membrane Potential?

Back 29

About 70 millivolts

Front 30

What is Temporal/Spatial summation?

Back 30

When something receives the effect of two impulses either in a similar time frame or at the different places on the same object

Front 31

What determines if an action potential signals an impulse?

Back 31

If it reaches the intensity threshold levels

Front 32

What is Tetrodotoxin (TTX)?

Back 32

A particular poison that blocks Ion flow through the channels that create action potentials (Making it 10,000 times deadlier than cyanide)

Front 33

What did Peterson and Peterson (1959) Study?

Back 33

The duration of Short-Term Memory (20 seconds)

Front 34

What is a Synpase?

Back 34

The special junction at which neurons communicate to each other

Front 35

What is a Vesicle?

Back 35

A thin, membrane sac that stores and transmits neurotransmitters

Front 36

What is an agonist?

Back 36

A drug that triggers a response from your cells that other natural chemicals normally would (Eg. Increases or creates a new response)

Front 37

What is an antagonist?

Back 37

Drugs that stop responses from being formed during normal chemical triggers

Front 38

What chemical mediates your flight or fight response?

Back 38

Noradrenaline

Front 39

What does glutamate do?

Back 39

Controls memory, cognition and mood

Front 40

What does serotonin do?

Back 40

Modulates your mood

Front 41

What is the Neuro-muscular junction?

Back 41

The area (Synpase) where neurons connect to muscles to control them

Front 42

How are Parkinson's disease and Schizophrenia both related to dopamine?

Back 42

Parkinson's is a result of underproduction or not enough dopamine in the brain

Schizophrenia is a result of overproduction and having too much of dopamine in the brain

Front 43

What is ICSS?

Back 43

Intracranial self-stimulation, a procedure where an organism learns a behaviour with accordance to electric brain simulation

Front 44

What is the most famous study of ICSS?

Back 44

J Olds & P Milner (1956)

Front 45

What is a Reflex?

Back 45

A simple automatic response to a stimulus

Front 46

What is Vestibulo-Ocular Reflex (VOR)?

Back 46

The natural process in which your eyes gyroscopically stay in place despite constant movement of the head through simple actions such as walking

Front 47

Stronger synaptic connections are the likely show of a stronger memory. What are 3 ways this is mediated?

Back 47

*Increases neurotransmitters released

*Increased postsynaptic response

*Increased number of synaptic connections between neurons

Front 48

What is a Circadian Rhythm?

Back 48

The physical, mental and behavioural changes an organism experiences over a 24-hour cycle

Front 49

How long of a time cycle do people tend to naturally run on?

Back 49

About 25 hours, usually more in woman

Front 50

What part of the brain is most associated with our internal clock?

Back 50

Suprachiasmatic Nucleus of the Hypothalamus (SCN)

Front 51

What primarily determines our Circadian Rhythm?

Back 51

Light exposure

Front 52

How does the SCN control our sleep/wake cycle?

Back 52

When activated via light, the SCN prevents the pineal gland from producing melatonin, a "sleeping" or "night" hormone

Front 53

What is a Zeitgeber?

Back 53

A naturally occurring thing/cue that suggests/regulates an organisms Circadian rhythms

Front 54

What are four theories for sleep/Circadian rhythms?

Back 54

Evolutionary Explanation - The core function of sleep is to adapt animals to their specific environmental niche

Inactivity Theory - Sleep allows us to remain quiet during period of vulnerability

Energy Conservation Theory - Sleep forces us to conserve energy during non-optimal hours

Recovery/Repair Theory

Front 55

What does EEG, EOG and EMG stand for?

Back 55

EEG - Electroencephalogram (Overall)

EOG - Electrooculogram (Eyes)

EMG - Electromyogram (Muscle)

Front 56

At what stage of sleep do dreams most occur?

Back 56

REM sleep

Front 57

What is declarative and procedural memory?

Back 57

Declarative - Long-term memory of facts and events

Procedural - Implicit memory of skills, habits and actions

Front 58

How does sleep affect declarative vs procedural memory?

Back 58

Declarative Memory is enhanced by early/Slow Wave Sleep

Procedural memory is enhanced by late/REM-rich sleep

Front 59

How does sleeping change with age?

Back 59

Sleep seems to be critical in younger years with about 15 hours, and decreases to about 8 by adulthood. Ratios of REM sleep follow suit

Front 60

What is Hypnagogia?

Back 60

The transition between wakefulness and sleep. During this it's common to experience visual and audio hallucinations as well as muscle jerks