Biol 319 Exam 4

Front 1

sensory division of PNS

Back 1

1. somatic sensory (skin)
2. visceral sensory (stomach)

Front 2

motor division of PNS

Back 2

1. somatic NS - voluntary motor (skeletal muscle)
2. autonomic NS - involuntary visceral motor (cardiac/smooth muscle, glands)
-Sympathetic division
-parasympathetic division

Front 3

sympathetic division

Back 3

division of ANS

mobilizes body systems during activity

ex: heart muscle

Front 4

parasympathetic division

Back 4

division of ANS

conserves energy; promotoes housekeeping fxns during rest

ex: bladder

Front 5

regeneration of peripheral nerves

Back 5

1. axon fragmented at injury site
2. macrophages clean out
3. AXON SPROUTS (filaments) grow through REGENERATION TUBE formed by SCHWANN CELLS
4. new myelin sheath formed

Front 6

classes of sensory receptor cells: stimulus type

Back 6

1. mechanoreceptors (mechanical force)
2. thermoreceptors (temp)
3. photoreceptors (light)
4. chemoreceptors (chem)
5. nociceptors (tissue damage/pain)

Front 7

classes of sensory receptor cells: location of receptor/stimulus

Back 7

1. exteroreceptors (outside body)
2. interoreceptors (within body)
3. proprioreceptors (internal stretch receptors)

Front 8

classes of sensory receptor cells: structural type

Back 8

1. simple receptors - general sensory receptors

2. complex receptors - special sense organs

Front 9

unencapsulated general sensory receptors (3)

Back 9

1. free nerve endings
2. tactile discs (Merkel discs)
3. hair follicle receptors

Front 10

encapsulateed general sensory receptors (6)

Back 10

1. Meissner's corpuscles (tactile)
2. Pacinian corpuscles (lamellated)
3. ruffini endings
4. muscle spindles
5. golgi tendon organs
6. joint kinesthetic receptors

Front 11

free nerve endings of sensory neurons

Back 11

(unencapsulated general)
L: extero, intero, and proprio

S: thermo, chemo, mechano, nociceptors

in body: most BT; dense CT; epithelia

Front 12

modified free nerve endings; Tactile discs (Merkel discs)

Back 12

(unencapsulated general)
L: extero
S: mechano

in body: basal layer of epidermis

Front 13

hair follicle receptors

Back 13

(unencapsulated general)
L: extero
S: mechano

in body: in/surrounding hair follicles

Front 14

Meissner's corpuscles (tactile corpuscles)

Back 14

(capsulated general)
L: extero
S: Mechano

in body: dermal papillae of hairless skin

Front 15

Pacinian corpuscles (lamellated corpuscles)

Back 15

(capsulated general)
L: extero, intero, proprio
S: mechano

body: dermis/hypodermis; tendons, ligaments...

Front 16

Ruffini endings

Back 16

(capsulated general)
L: extero and proprio
S: mechano

body: deep in dermis/hypodermis, joint capsules

Front 17

muscle spindles

Back 17

(capsulated general)
L: proprioreceptors
S: mechano

body: skel muscle

Front 18

golgi tendon organs

Back 18

(capsulated general)
L: proprio
S: mechano

body: tendons

Front 19

joint kinesthetic receptors

Back 19

(encapsulated general)
L: proprio
S: mechano and nociceptors

body: joint capsules of synovial joints

Front 20

sensation at receptor level (criteria)

Back 20

1. type of stimuli (specificity)
2. receptive field
3.energy --> receptor potential --> threshold

Front 21

tonic receptors

Back 21

provide sustained response to stimuli

ex: nociceptors and most proprioceptors

Front 22

phasic receptors

Back 22

quickly adaptive; send short bursts;
only send info when stimulus strength changes

ex: Pacinian and Meissner's corpuscles

Front 23

Circuit level (sensory processing)

Back 23

1st order-->2nd and 3rd order neurons

via reticular formation (of thalamus) to cerebellum and somatosensory cortex

Front 24

Perceptual level (sensory processing)

Back 24

in cerebral cortex

1. perceptual detection (quality and pattern)

2. Sensation (spatial discr. and magnitude of freq of AP's and # receptors activated)

Front 25

Pathway of reflex arcs

Back 25

1. stimulus-->receptor
2. sensory(AP)-->CNS
3. sensory(AP)-->motor neuron
4.motor(AP)-->effector
5. effector organ-->response

Front 26

spinal reflexes

Back 26

somatic reflexes mediated by spinal cord (brain not required)
1. stretch reflex
2. golgi tendon reflex
3. flexor reflex
4. crossed-extensor reflex

Front 27

muscle spindle composition

Back 27

noncontractile centers
-wrapped in sensory nerve endings (detect stretch)

contractile ends
-activated by gamma-motor neurons (adjust spindle length)

Front 28

stretch reflex

Back 28

muscle STRETCH is detected by spindles

primary sensory--->CNS

ex: knee jerk

Front 29

crossed extensor reflex

Back 29

stimulus-->one side of body flexes, one side extends

Front 30

olfactory nerve I

Back 30

nasal epithelium-->cribriform plate-->olfactory bulb (to frontal lobe)
sensory-smell (olfactory receptor cells)

Front 31

optic nerve II

Back 31

retina-->optic canal-->optic tract (to thalamus-->visual cortex)

sensory-vision (retinal photoreceptors)

Front 32

oculomotor nerve III

Back 32

midbrain-->sup orbital fissure-->eye muscles (to pons)

Front 33

trochlear nerve IV

Back 33

midbrain-->sup orbital fissuree-->one eye muscle (to pons)

somatic motor-sup oblique muscle
sensory-proprioreceptive feedback

Front 34

trigeminal opthalmic division (V1)

Back 34

anterior scalp/superior face-->sup orbital fissure->pons

somatosensory-forehead, nose, eyelid, and cornea
(trigeminal ganglion)

Front 35

trigeminal maxillary division (V2)

Back 35

central face-->foramen rotundum-->pons

somatosensory-upper palate, jaw, lip, cheek, nasal cavity
(trigeminal ganglion)

Front 36

trigeminal mandibular division (V3)

Back 36

inferior face-->foramen ovale-->pons

somatic motor-chewing muscles (temporalis, pterygoids, masseter, digastric)
somatosensory-jower jaw, chin, tongue
(trigeminal ganglion)
sensory-proprioreceptive feedback

Front 37

abducens nerve VI

Back 37

pons-->sup orbital fissure-->one eye muscle (most lateral)

somatic motor-lateral rectus muscle

damage=internal strabismus

Front 38

facial nerve VII

Back 38

pons-->internal acoustic meatus-->muscles and glands of face

SM-superficial skeletal muscles of forehead, eyes, lips, jaw (expression, blinking)
AM- nasal and lacrimal glands (pterygopalatine gang.)
Sensory-taste buds (geniculate ganglion); proprioceptive feedback

Front 39

vestibulocochlear VIII

Back 39

ear-->internal acoustic meatus-->to pons (to cortex)

sensory:
cochlear branch- sound from chochlea (spiral gang)
vest. branch- equil. from bestibule/semicircular canals (vestibular gang)

Front 40

glossopharyngeal nerve IX

Back 40

medulla oblongata-->jugular foramen-->tongue,throat

SM- activates tongue (speech) and pharynx (swallowing)
AM-parotid salivary gland (otic gang.)
Sensory- tastebuds from back tongue, carotid sinus, somatosensory from pharynx
(superior/inferior ganglia)

Front 41

vagus X

Back 41

medulla-->jugular foramen-->throughout thorax/abdomen

SM- larynx (speaking), pharynx (swallowing)
AM- parasympathetic control: heart, lungs, dig. tract, excretory organs (dispersed gang)
Sensory- visceral sensory afferents from carotid artery, aorta, dig. tract, post. taste buds (sup/inf gang); proprioceptive feedback from neck

Front 42

accessory nerve XI

Back 42

spinal rootlets (C1-C5)-->jugular foramen-->neck

SM-trapezius, sternocleidomastoid
Sensory- proprioceptive feedback

Front 43

hyoglossal nerve XII

Back 43

medulla-->hypoglossal canal-->tongue

SM-tongue muscles (mixing food, swallowing, speech)
sensory- proprioceptive feedback

Front 44

motor cranial nerves (4)

Back 44

oculomotor III
abducens VI
accessory XI
hypoglossal XII

Front 45

sensory cranial nerves (5)

Back 45

olfactory I
optic II
V1 and V2
vestibulocochlear VIII

Front 46

mixed cranial nerves (4)

Back 46

V3
facial VII
glossopharyngeal IX
vagus X

Front 47

cranial nerves with autonomic AND somatic motor functions

Back 47

oculomotor III
facial VII
glossopharyngeal IX
vagus X

Front 48

cranial nerves with somatosensory function

Back 48

V(1-3)
facial VII
glossopharyngeal IX

Front 49

pathway of sympathetic neuron

Back 49

CNS-->lightly myelinated axon-->ganglion/adrenal medulla-->unmyelinated axon/blood vessel-->NE-->+/- effect

Front 50

pathway of parasympathetic neuron

Back 50

CNS-->lightly myelinated axon---->ganglion-->unmyelinated axon-->ACh-->+/- effect

Front 51

pathway of somatic nervous system

Back 51

CNS-->heavily myelinated axon-->releases ACh at skeletal muscle-->+ effect

Front 52

nerves and ganglia/plexuses of parasympathetic division

Back 52

oculomotor III-->cilliary gang.
facial VII-->pterygopalatine/ submandibular gang.
glossopharyngeal IX-->otic gang.
vagus X-->cardiac/ pulmonary/ esophageal/celiac plexuses
plevic splanchnic nerves-->hypogastic plexus

Front 53

pathway for sympathetic neuron synapse: same level

Back 53

ventral root--> ventral ramus--> white ramus communicans--> sympathetic trunk gang.--> gray ramus communicans-->effector

Front 54

pathway for sympathetic neuron synapse: higher/lower level

Back 54

ventral root--> ventral ramus--> gray ramus communicans--> sympathetic gang--> sympathetic trunk--> gray communicans--> effector

Front 55

pathway for sympathetic neuron synapse: distant collateral ganglion ANTERIOR to column

Back 55

ventral root--> ventral ramus--> white ramus communicans--> sympathetic gang.--> splanchnic nerve-->collateral ganglion-->target organ

Front 56

cholinergic receptors for ACh

Back 56

1. Nicotinic (neuromuscular jxn, post-gang. neurons, adrenal medulla)

2. muscarinic (all other targets)

Front 57

accessory eye structures

Back 57

tarsal plates
tarsal glands (lubrication)
conjuctival membrane (inside of eyelid and white of eye)
conjucntival sac (lubricating mucous)

Front 58

superficial eye structures

Back 58

palpebrae (eyelids)
eyelashes
lacrimal caruncle with sebaceous glands

Front 59

lacrimal apparatus

Back 59

lacrimal gland releases dilute tears
drained by lacrimal canaliculi-->lacrimal sac-->nasal cavity

*lubricates, antibiotic

Front 60

saccades

Back 60

fast directed movements

Front 61

fibrous tunic

Back 61

outermost eye layer (dense CT)

white sclera with clear cornea in front (with epithelia and nociceptors)

Front 62

vascular tunic (uvea)

Back 62

middle eye layer

ciliary body and zonule
choroid (BVs)
iris (smooth mus)

Front 63

sensory tunic (retina)

Back 63

innermost layer with photorec

pigmented layer--> photorec--> bipolar cells--> ganglion cells

also horizontal and amacrine cells

Front 64

cones

Back 64

posterior retina (none in ant)
density declines laterally

bright light, color vision, precise

Front 65

rods

Back 65

anterior retina (not post)
dim light, peripheral vision, fuzzy

Front 66

macula lutea

Back 66

oval region at posterior pole; contains fovea centralis

Front 67

refraction

Back 67

bending of light as it passes through objects of DIFF densities

Front 68

lenses

Back 68

transp objects with curved surfaces to refract light at precice angles

Front 69

convex lenses

Back 69

focus light at a focal point; image reversed

Front 70

emmetropic eye

Back 70

distant vision; relaxed ciliary muscles; thin lens

SNS

Front 71

mechanisms for close vision (3)

Back 71

1. accomodation of lenses
2. constriction of pupils (PSNS; accomodation pupillary reflex)
3. convergence of eyeballs

Front 72

myopic eye

Back 72

nearsighted; eyeball too long; focal point in front of retina

correction=concave lense

Front 73

hyperopic eye

Back 73

farsighted; eyeball too short; focal point behind retina

correction=convex lenses