Biodiversity Exam 3

Front 1

Bacteria

Back 1

A domain of life which is prokaryotic and has a cell wall made up of peptidoglycans.

Front 2

Archaea

Back 2

A domain of life which has a cell wall composed of polysaccharides and a membrane made of phospholipids, ribosomes & RNA polymerase.

Front 3

Prokaryotes

Back 3

- “before kernel”

- no nucleus

- no organelles

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Eukaryotes

Back 4

- has nucleus

- has membrane bound organelles

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Pangolin

Back 5

The most highly trafficked animal in the world.

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Ancient Bacteria Example:

Back 6

Mitochondria & Chloroplast

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Size of Bacteria

Back 7

- Can see at: 40x - 100x

- Size: couple microns to couple hundred microns (um)

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Shape of Bacteria

Back 8

Round (cocci, coccus)

Rod (cillus, cilli)

Spiral (spirochete, spiro)

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How can we tell one Bacteria from another?

Back 9

By what it grows on.

Front 10

Ribosomal rRNA

Back 10

Bacteria: 16s

Humans: 18s

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Bacteria Mobility

Back 11

- Some are immotile, can swim or even glide.

- Flagella (long rod of microtubules) allows this to happen.

- Oscillating colonies

- Biofilm (adhesive + fuzzy)

Front 12

Cell Wall

Back 12

Plants, Fungi: cellulose & glucose

Animals: chitin

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Gram Positive (Dark Purple)

Back 13

- Peptidoglycan (protein sugars)

- Proteins are embedded in plasma membrane.

- Polysaccharides (sticky sugars)

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Gram Negative (Pinkish)

Back 14

- much less peptidoglycan

- lipopolysaccharides (lipid sugars)

- 2 plasma membranes

Front 15

Gram - Staining

Back 15

How you find out if a cell wall is Gram Positive or Negative.

Front 16

Endospore

Back 16

Condensed DNA in a state of suspended animation.

Front 17

Anthrax

Back 17

Soil - living bacterium

Front 18

Histones

Back 18

Proteins that package up the chromosomes.

Front 19

Chemotrophic

Back 19

Uses chemical energy to synthesize their molecules.

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Autotrophic

Back 20

Sunlight energy

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Heterocyst

Back 21

Different cell that fixes nitrogen

Front 22

Nitrogen Fixation

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N-2 turned into form of nitrogen that can be used by organisms.

Front 23

Membrane Infoldings

Back 23

Thylakoid Membrane

Front 24

Bacteria in the Food Industry

Back 24

- Milk Products (lactobacillus)

- Sauerkraut

- Sausages

- Dill Pickles, Olives

- Chocolate

- Coffee

- Soy Sauce

Front 25

Fungus in Drinks

Back 25

Used to make beer / wine, not Bacteria!!!

Front 26

Bioremediation

Back 26

Use of natural processes to clean up harmful chemicals in the environment.

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Bioremediation

Back 27

Use of natural processes to clean up harmful chemicals in the environment.

Front 28

Microbes for Bioremediation

Back 28

Eat oil as a source of carbon.

Front 29

Rhizomes

Back 29

Nodules that bacteria live in.

- located on legume plants

- fix nitrogen (change elemental nitrogen to a usable form, NH3 or NO3

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Protists

Back 30

The most diverse group of organisms known.

- unicellular, multicellular, colonial

- heterotrophic, photosynthetic, parasitic

- aquatic, soil, symbiotic, marine

- flagella, cilia, amoeba, sessile, free floating

- asexual reproduction, sexual reproduction

Front 31

All protists are:

Back 31

Eukaryotic

Front 32

Examples of Protists

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- Diatoms

- Red Algae

- Kelp

- Malaria

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Irish Potato Blight

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- 1 million dead

- Lost 25% of population

- Related to brown algae

- Birds may have carried spores

- Low economy, big impact

Front 34

Red Tide

Back 34

Nutrient rich waste run off can encourage growth [dinoflagellate] blooms in the ocean.

Mollusks filter dinoflagellates and accumulate toxins. Toxins are passed to organisms that eat contaminated clams, oysters, scallops, etc...

Front 35

Synaptomorph’s

Back 35

Stramenophiles: Bushy flagellum

Diatoms: Silicon Dioxide

Dinoflagellates: Cellulose plates

Foraminifera: Calcium Carbonate

Parabasilids: Undulating membrane & flagella

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Plants reproduce by:

Back 36

Alternation of Generations

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Spore

Back 37

1 reproductive cell w/ 1 amount of DNA in it

Front 38

Gametophyte

Back 38

Multicellular life stage, makes gamete

Front 39

Diplomonads

Back 39

- possess mitosomes (modified mitochondria)

Front 40

Diplomonads

Back 40

- possess mitosomes (modified mitochondria)

Front 41

Plant’s Importance

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- Food

- Medicine

- Oxygen Releasors

- Erosion Control

Front 42

Dehydration for Plants

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- Cuticle

- Stomata

- Sporopollenin

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Cuticle

Back 43

- Waxy Covering

- Prevents water from soaking in

- Stops vapor inside tissue from leaving

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Stomata

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- Pore in leaf

- Opens & Closes to let CO2 in & out

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Sporopollenin

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- One of the structures the plant makes

- Gamete (male) inside sperm

- A tough, abrasive coating spore (pollen)

- Doesn’t dehydrate easily

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Roots

Back 46

- Pull up water & nutrients (water plant’s don’t need roots)

- Stops erosion

- Grounds plant

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Stems

Back 47

- Longer the stem, more surface area for leaves

- Increase ability for plants to get more sunlight

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Stems

Back 48

- Longer the stem, more surface area for leaves

- Increase ability for plants to get more sunlight

Front 49

Vascular Tissue

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- A set of tubes

- Tubes transport nutrients, water, sap, etc...

- Adhesion (water sticking to surface of vascular tissue)

- Cohesion (water sticking to water molecules)

Front 50

Stems

Back 50

- Longer the stem, more surface area for leaves

- Increase ability for plants to get more sunlight

Front 51

Vascular Tissue

Back 51

- A set of tubes

- Tubes transport nutrients, water, sap, etc...

- Adhesion (water sticking to surface of vascular tissue)

- Cohesion (water sticking to water molecules)

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Flowers

Back 52

- Only angiosperms have flowers

- Helps plant reproduce

- Attracts pollinators through scent, sugars, fruit

- Diversity in spreading plants

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Zygote

Back 53

Seed (starch, embryo will digest)

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Human comparison to plants:

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- Humans are like sporophytes

- Humans make gametes

- Humans don’t have sporangia or gametophyte.

- Humans don’t have second multi-cellular.

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Antheridium vs. Archegonia

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sperm made vs. egg made

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Bryophytes

Back 56

- no seeds

- no vascular tissue

- short

- no true roots

- most basic plant

- live in wetter areas

- no true leaves

- gametophyte is main life cycle stage (only in bryophytes)

Front 57

Lycophytes

Back 57

- no seeds

- has vascular tissue

- gain leaves

- all sizes

- sporophyte is main life cycle stage

- true roots

- water dispersion

- air dispersion

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Gymnosperms

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- modified leaves

- “naked” seeds

Front 59

HERAAUS

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H - Hacrobia

E - Excavates

R - Rhizaria

A - Archaeplastida

A - Alveolates

U - Unikonts

S - Stramenophiles

Front 60

Microspore

Back 60

Pollen Grain

Front 61

7 Groups

Back 61

Archaeplastida: Red Algae, Charophytes

Excavates: Parabasilids, Euglenids

Unikonts: Slime molds, fungi, animals

Alveolates: Dinoflagellates, Ciliates

Hacrobia: Haptophytes, Cryptophytes

Rhizaria: Forams, Radiolarians

Stramenophiles: Diatoms, Brown Algae

Front 62

Gymnosperms

Back 62

- Ginkgophyta

- Gnetophyta

- Coniferophyta

- Cycadophyta

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Angiosperms

Back 63

Flowers & Double Fertilization

Front 64

Fungi

Back 64

Heterotrophic eukaryotic with outside walls of chitin