Bio318 Lab Test3

Front 1

1.)what valve is in the right atrium?
2.)what valve goes out the left ventricle?
3.)what is known as the pacemaker?
4.)what bundle connects the atria to the ventricles?
5.)What conduct the impulses through the interventricular septum?

Back 1

pulmonary semilunar valve
aortic semilunar valve
sinoatrial node (SA node)
atrioventricular bundle (AV)
bundle branches

Front 2

1.)what depolarizes the contractile cells of both ventricles?

Back 2

purkinje fibers

Front 3

***EKG DRAWING-Give the letter corresponding
1.)Depolarization of atria
2.)Atrial contraction
3.)Repolarization of atria
4.)depolarization of ventricles

Back 3

P
Q
between Q and S
QRS

Front 4

1.)contraction of ventricles
2.)repolarization of ventricles
3.)Bicuspid valve is on __while tricuspid valve is on the __
4.)what is ringers solution and why was it used in the experiment?

Back 4

S-T
T
left, right
salt water solution, has to do with electrolytes

Front 5

1.)if you shock the heart with multiple stimuli is it possible to tetanize the heart? is this a good or bad response?
2.)What happens to the heart if the vagus nerve is stimulated?
3.)what effect does temperature have on heart rate?

Back 5

No, only skeletal muscle, bad response
slow down heart, parasympathetic
decrease temperature, decrease heart rate and visa versa

Front 6

1.)What effect does pilocarpine have on heart rate?what is pilocarpine?
2.)what effect does atropine have on the heart and why?
3.)what effect does epinephrine have on the heart?

Back 6

decreases heart rate, it is a cholenergic drug
increases heart rate
increases heart rate

Front 7

1.)what effect does digitalis have on the heart?
2.)What effect does calcium have on the heart?
3.)what effect does sodium have on the heart?
4.)what effect does potassium have on the heart?
5.)diastolic is when the heart is __while systolic is when the heart is ___

Back 7

lowers heart rate, increases contractions
increase of calcium increases HR
increase of sodium decreases HR
increase of potassium decreases HR
relaxing, contracting

Front 8

1.)cardiac muscle cannot have ___
2.)a prematurely occurring beat of one of the chambers of the heart that leads to momentary arrhythmia but leaves the fundamental rhythm unchanged
3.)problem with the rate or rhythm of the heartbeat

Back 8

tetnus
extrasystole
arrhythmia

Front 9

1.)while the heart is slowing down, what happens or how do you go back to normal HR?
2.)resumption of the heartbeat after stimulation of the vagus nerve has caused it to stop that occurs despite continuation of such stimulation
3.)what system has more control over HR?

Back 9

Need sympathetic to interfere, sympathetic speeds up HR
vagus escape
parasympathetic

Front 10

1.)Where is the SA node located?
2.)what does acetylcholine do to the heart?
3.)sympathetic is __while parasympathetic is ___
4.)if the parasympathetic decreases HR, its agonist is __ while the antagonist would be ___

Back 10

right atrium
decreases HR
adrenergic, cholenergic
pilocarpine, atropine

Front 11

1.)calcium does what to the strength of contraction?
2.)Why does calcium increase the strength of contraction?
3.)What is significant about the action potentials in reference to calcium?

Back 11

increases
Ca++ triggers myofilament activity, it enters because of the larger T-tubules
due to the increased force of contraction(longer depolariztion and repolarization) the action potentials occurs less often

Front 12

1.)Too much calcium leads to what?
2.)What happens when you have too little Ca++?

Back 12

heart spasms, abnormal extra contractions
increased HR due to decreased extracellular Ca++ and thus more Na+ enters during action potentials thus leading to more contractions and possible tetany

Front 13

1.)What do calcium blockers do?
2.)what is hyperkalemia?
3.)what is hypokalemia?

Back 13

1.)effects primarily the entrance of Ca++ into smooth muscle cells of coronary arteries
2.)refers to the condition in which the concentration of the electrolyte potassium (K+) in the blood is elevated
3.)a metabolic disorder that occurs when the level of potassium in the blood drops too low.

Front 14

1.)What happens when you have increased extracellular K+?
2.)if you increase extracellular levels of K+ you decrease what?

Back 14

decreased HR and strength of heart beat, it interferes with depolarization mechanisms which may lead to heart block and cardiac arrest and arrhythmia
polarity

Front 15

1.)Decreased extracellular K+ levels does what?
2.)epinephrine causes __of peripheral blood vessels but __of heart and lung vessels
3.)epinephrine binds to __receptors of cardiac muscle cells and the SA node to make membranes more permeable to __and __ which stimulate heart into vigorous activity

Back 15

your heart beats feebly and abnormal rhythms appear
vasoconstriction, vasodilation
Beta, Na, CA

Front 16

1.)why are beta blockers given to patients?
2.)why doesn't a doctor want to give epinephrine except when a patient is going into cardiac arrest?

Back 16

blocks sympathetic effect (epinephrine) on SA node, and helps prevent excessive action of heart
heart cells use too much oxygen and heart needs to rest

Front 17

1.)Histamines causes __in peripheral circulation
2.)what do histamines do?
3.)histamines are produced in response to allergies by ___of tissues and basophils of the blood and it triggers an inflammatory response.
4.)__blood goes into the coronary sinus

Back 17

vasodilation
increases permeability of capillaries which permits an exudate to form.
mast cells
deoxygenated

Front 18

1.)what does the coronary sinus empty into?
2.)pulmonary veins have __blood while pulmonary arteries have __blood
3.)5 things the liver does
4.)the hepatic vein connects to?
5.)the hepatic artery connects to?

Back 18

right atrium
oxygenated, deoxygenated
cleans blood, process nutrients, store glucagon, regulates how much nutrients, removes pathogens
inferior vena cava
abdominal aorta

Front 19

1.)four types of veins coming off the hepatic portal vein
2.)inferior mesenteric vein goes to?
3.)superior mesenteric vein goes to?
4.)splenic vein goes to?
5.)gastric vein goes to?

Back 19

inferior mesenteric, superior mesenteric, splenic, gastric
large intestine
small intestine
spleen
stomach

Front 20

1.)difference between antibodies and antigens?

Back 20

Antigens are substances that provoke an immune response (they're the ultimate target for the immune system). Antibodies are simply proteins that are secreted as a result of the antigen provoked immune response. In short, antigens cause the disease and antibodies cure it.

Front 21

1.)could a man with AB blood type be the father of an O child?
2.)The autorhythmicity of cardiac pacemaker cells is made possible by the reduced permeability of
3.)The repolarization of cardiac muscle is due to

Back 21

no
potassium
potassium exiting the cell

Front 22

1.)The total refractory period of cardiac muscle is __than skeletal muscle
2.)Skeletal muscle is capable of which of the following?
3.)During what portion of the cardiac muscle contraction is it possible to induce an extra systole?

Back 22

longer
wave summation and fused tetanus
during relaxation

Front 23

1.)Delivering single shocks in succession to stimulate the frog heart____increase the height of the ventricular systole wave
2.)The doublet that results with more frequent stimulation of the frog heart represents an __ and an ___

Back 23

did not
extrasystole,extra contraction of the ventricles

Front 24

1.)When the ventricles beat rapidly in succession, what happens?
2.)When multiple stimuli were applied at 20 stimuli/sec, what was produced?
3.)Which branch of the autonomic nervous system dominates after a large meal?

Back 24

A pause follows
extrasystole
parasympathetic

Front 25

1.)Excessive vagal stimulation of the heart will result in
2.)What does the vagus nerve carry?
3.)When vagus nerve stimulation was applied to the frog heart, what happened?
4.)What part of your tracing illustrates vagal escape?

Back 25

1.)a decrease in heart rate and, eventually, a temporary cessation of the heartbeat
2.)signals to decrease the heart rate
3.)heart rate slowed and eventually stopped
4.)part where heart resumed beating

Front 26

1.)Research shows that in the absence of neural and hormonal influences, the SA node generates action potentials at a frequency of about 100 times per minute. However, the resting heart rate is about 70 beats per minute. What would the approximate heart rate be if the vagus nerve were severed?
2.)Which of the following has the fastest rate of spontaneous depolarization?

Back 26

about 100 beats per minute
the SA node

Front 27

1.)Organisms that are poikilothermic have what?
2.)Heat-releasing mechanisms include which of the following?
3.)For the frog heart, temperature and heart rate are __proportional

Back 27

1.)temperature fluctuations that coincide with the external temperature and lack internal homeostatic temperature regulatory mechanisms
2.)vasodilation and sweating
3.)directly

Front 28

1.)what does Ringer's solution contain?
2.) what affect heart rate through the use of a cAMP (second messenger) system?
3.)does acetylcholine affect the heart rat through the use of cAMP?
4.)The sinoatrial node has receptors for

Back 28

cations, anions, electrolytes
epinephrine and norepinephrine
no
acetylcholine, epinephrine, norepinephrine

Front 29

1.)acetylcholine does what to the rate of depolarization of the heart?
2.)Muscarine is a poison found in poisonous mushrooms. Muscarine binds to acetylcholine receptors and mimics its action. Which of the following describes the effect of muscarine?

Back 29

decreases
decreases heart rate

Front 30

1.)Beta-Blockers are used to treat what?
2.)Beta blockers are used to treat high blood pressure (hypertension). Which receptors do you think are being blocked?
3.)When the cardiac muscle cell is at rest, the concentration of _______is greater on the outside of the cell.

Back 30

high blood pressure (hypertension)
beta-adrengeric
sodium and calcium

Front 31

1.)Modifiers that affect the force of contraction of the heart are ___
2.)The movement of _______________ into the cardiac muscle cell depolarizes the cardiac muscle cell.
3.)Modifiers that affect heart rate are ___

Back 31

inotropic
sodium and calcium
chronotropic

Front 32

1.)Which ion(s) at least initially lowered the frog heart rate in the activity you just performed?
2.)Increasing extracellular potassium causes the resting membrane potential to become more ___.
3.)The cardiac cell plasma membrane is most permeable to

Back 32

sodium and potassium
positive
potassium

Front 33

1.)Calcium channel blockers block the movement of calcium ___
2.)A ____drug increases the force of contraction of the heart.
3.)what does the hermatocit test tell you?
4.)what is the normal value for hematocit for males?Females?

Back 33

into the cell and decrease heart rate
positive inotropic
the percentage of red blood cells or erthyrocytes in a sample of blood
47%, 42%

Front 34

1.)what is the normal upper limit when dealing with hemocrit test?
2.)lower hemocrit test values show?
3.)high hemocirt test values show?
4.)what is myocardial infraction?

Back 34

55%
anemia
polycythemia
heart attack

Front 35

1.)what is the normal ESR?
2.)what is anemia and what causes it?
3.)what is polycythemia and what causes it?
4.)What causes pernicious anemia?
5.)what causes aplastic anemia?

Back 35

1.)5mm
2.)iron deficiency, not enough red blood cells
3.)increased RBC's, caused by high altitudes, tumor in bone marrow.
4.)Lack of vitamin B12
5.)failure of the bone marrow to produce adequate RBC's

Front 36

1.)what is sickle cell anemia?
2.)what is heparin?
3.)who would have a higher hematocrit, someone living in Denver or a person in New Orleans, why?
4.)what is erythropoietin?

Back 36

Hemoglobin molecules fold incorrectly(inherited)
Chemical that keeps blood from clotting
Denver because you have less oxygen in high altitudes
Hormone made by kidneys that regulates the production of erythrocytes(RBC's)

Front 37

1.)Compare the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) of a person with sickle cell anemia to a normal person
2.)How could the ESR be used to determine if a person is having a heart attack?
3.)What conditions make your levels of hemoglobin increases?Decrease?

Back 37

sickle cell anemia's have higher ESR
Elevated ESR
increase=high elevations, decrease=hyperthyroidism

Front 38

1.)how do you type blood?what are the possible reactions and what does it mean?
2.)what is the desired total cholesterol level?
3.)why is a high total cholesterol undesirable?
4.)serous fluid stains __and mucus stains __

Back 38

clumping means antigen is present. A-A & O, B-B & O, O-O, AB-A & B & O &ABO
less than 200
can lead to cardiovascular issues.
purple, pink

Front 39

1.)What does the parotid secrete?
2.)what gland is located beneath the floor of the mouth
3.)what gland lies anterior to the submandibular gland and inferior to the tongue?
4.)what gland is more towards the ear?

Back 39

serous fluid
submandibular
sublingual
parotid

Front 40

1.)the gastroesophageal junction is the split between what tissue?
2.)4 layers of small intestines starting from outside going in
3.)the serosa layer is made of what kind of tissue

Back 40

1.)stratified squamous epithelium of the esophagus and simple columnar epithelium of the stomach
2.)serosa layer, muscularis externa, submucosa layer, muscosa layer.
3.)visceral epithelium-simple squamous like and CT

Front 41

1.)what type of tissue is the muscularis layer?
2.)what is found in the submucosa layer and what kind of tissue?
3.)what tissue is found in the mucosa layer
4.)what does brunners glands do?

Back 41

1.)smooth muscle-divides into longitudinal and circularis
2.)brunners gland and Peyer's patch, CT
3.)simple columnar
4.)produces an alkaline substance to neutralize chyme

Front 42

1.)Brunner's gland is found in the submucosa of the __
2.)Where is Peyer's patch found?
3.)what is Peyer's Patch?
4.)Where is Plica found?

Back 42

duodenum
submucosa of the ileum
lymphoid aggregates
jejunum

Front 43

1.)two things in the pancreas
2.)what does the islets of Langerhans produce?
3.)4 things you can find in the liver
4.)3 things found in portal triad
5.)oxygen is attached to a __atom located on the __portion of hemoglobin

Back 43

islets of Langerhans, acinar cells
insulin & glucagon
hepatocytes, kuppfer cells, central vein, portal triads
venule, arteriole, bile duct
iron, heme

Front 44

1.)the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood is evaluated using __measurements and __measurements
2.)Release of what hormones results in higher levels of erythrocytes?
3.)what type of anemia is a genetic disorder resulting in abnormally shaped erythrocytes?

Back 44

hematocrit, hemoglobin
testosterone and erythropoietin
sickle cell

Front 45

1.)the average hematocrit for males is __% while for females it is __%
2.)__anemia results from the failure of the bone marrow to produce adequate red blood cell numbers
3.)rolueaux formation is characterized by what?

Back 45

42-52, 37-47
aplastic
an increase in ESR

Front 46

1.)ESR is useful in distinguishing between angina and a __as well as acute ___and ruptured ectopoic pregnancy
2.)Erythrocyte sedimentation relies upon __
3.)the ESR measure the settling of __in a vertical stationary tube of whole blood during one hour

Back 46

myocardial infraction, appendicitis
gravity
RBC's

Front 47

1.)In a healthy individual, do healthy RBC's settle a lot in an hour?
2.)what is the beige colored portion of the sedimentation tube?
3.)when doing the ESR experiment, which sample was the same as a healthy person

Back 47

no
plasma
sample 6 (individual with angina pectoris) or chest pains

Front 48

1.)which sample had the highest sedimentation rate?
2.)surprisingly, which sample had not sedimentation rate
3.)which had the fastest sedimentation rate?
4.)which sample did not settle at all in one hour?

Back 48

1.)sample 5, person suffering from myocardial infraction
2.)sample 2 an individual with sickle cell anemia
3.)person with myocardial infraction
4.)individual with sickle cell anemia

Front 49

1.)what explains the result from the individual with sickle cell anemia
2.)each hemoglobin molecule can carry __oxygen molecules
3.)what is not a result in an increase in hemoglobin levels?

Back 49

shape of the RBC's prevented it from settling
4
hyperthyroidism

Front 50

1.)oxyhemoglobin has oxygen attached to the __atom
2.)higher __levels in males promotes more RBC production
3.)what blood sample did not have a normal ratio of PCV to Hb

Back 50

iron
testosterone
female with iron deficiency anemia

Front 51

1.) a person with type O blood has neither __nor __ agglutinogens
2.)with respect to ABO and Rh blood groups, there are __different blood types
3.)A person with type AB blood has A and B __and neither A nor anti-B ___

Back 51

A,B
8
antigens, antibodies

Front 52

1.)A person with A+ blood has what? 4 things
2.)al cells in the human body including RBC's are surrounded by a plasma membrane that contains genetically determined glycoproteins called __
3.)on RBC membranes, there are antigens called __ that determine a persons blood type

Back 52

1.)anti-B antibodies, the A antigen on the surface of the red blood cells, Rh antigen on the surface of the red blood cells
2.)antigens
3.)agglutinogens

Front 53

1.)another name for antibodies
2.)a person with A type blood will have anti-B__
3.)blood type A has __antigens on RBC and __antibodies present in plasma
4.)a blood type B has __antigens on RBC's and __antibodies present in plasma

Back 53

agglutinins
antibodies
A, anti-B
B, anti-A

Front 54

1.)a blood type AB has __antigens on RBC's and __antibodies present in plasma
2.)a person with O blood type has __antigens on RBC's and __antibodies present in plasma
3.)are more people Rh positive or negative?

Back 54

A & B, no
no, anti-A & anti-B
positive

Front 55

1.)for Rh positive individuals, do they have a protein on their surface?
2.)what is the universal recipient?
3.)LDL's contain what?
4.)hypocholesterolemia is linked to low levels of what

Back 55

yes
AB+
cholesterol and protein
serotonin

Front 56

1.)the cholesterol determination is __and __.
2.)what do bile salts do?
3.)the breakdown of large fat globules into smaller, uniformly distributed particles.
4.)litmus cream was considered what?

Back 56

enzymatic, colorimetric
emulsify fats
emulsification
the fat

Front 57

1.)Litmus cream is blue, but when it mixes with milk or cream, it turns __
2.)boiling does what to proteins?
3.)what is body temperature?
4.)Pepsin has a pH of __. lipase has a pH of __. salivary amylase has a pH of __

Back 57

purple
denatures
37 degrees Celsius
2, 7, 6.8

Front 58

1.)What was the pH indicator in the experiment
2.)when the color changed from purple to pink, did we put a positive or negative sign?
3.)when there was just water and veggie oil, was there emulsification?
4.)how about when there was water, veggie oil, and bile salt, was there emulsification?

Back 58

litmus cream
positive
no
yes

Front 59

1.)when we boiled the lipase and then added litmus cream, what happen?
2.)when we had the litmus cream and lipase in the incubator, what happen?
3.)when we had the litmus cream and lipase in ice water what happen?

Back 59

color was purple
changed pink
changed pink

Front 60

1.)when we had the litmus cream, lipase, and bile salt in the incubator, what happen?
2.)when we had the lipase, litmus cream, and bile salt in ice water, what happen?
3.)when the lipase was boiled, what exactly happen?

Back 60

color changed to pink
color changed to pink
enzyme was denatured so nothing happen and color stayed purple

Front 61

1.)enzyme + __ work together that's why there is a color change
2.)why is there clumping when it comes to blood typing
3.)_allows food to pass through

Back 61

fat
antibody is reacting with antigen
relaxing

Front 62

1.)__get digested in stomach, __in the mouth
2.)4 cell types in the stomach
3.)chief cells give you __
4.)parietal cells give you ___
5.) G-cells give you __

Back 62

1.)proteins, carbohydrates
2.)Men Can Pass Gas-Mucus, Chief cells, Parietal , G-cells
3.)pepsinogen
4.)HCL
5.)gastrin

Front 63

1.)bile is __
2.)salivary amylase breaks down __and __in the mouth
3.)pancreatic amylase also breaks down starch and disaccharides in the __
4.)lactose is?

Back 63

alkaline
starch, disaccharides
small intestines
galactose + glucose

Front 64

1.)maltose is?
2.)sucrose is?
3.)oligosaccharides(lactose, maltose, sucrose) are further broken don into simple sugars by what and where at?

Back 64

glucose + glucose
fructose + glucose
brush border enzymes in small intestines

Front 65

1.)Proteins are broken down into larger polypeptides by __in the presence of __in the stomach
2.)larger polypeptides are broken down into smaller polypeptides by __in the small intestines
3.)name some pancreatic enzymes

Back 65

pepsin, HCL
pancreatic enzymes
trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase

Front 66

1.)small polypeptides/small peptides are broken down into amino acids(some dipeptides and tripeptides) by __in the small intestines
2.)name the things that break down unemulsified triglycerides

Back 66

brush border enzymes
lingual lipase(mouth), gastric lipase(stomach), pancreatic lipase(small intestines), and emulsification by the detergent action of bile salts ducted in from the liver(small intestines)

Front 67

1.)what are triglycerides broken down into?
2.)nucleic acids are broken down into pentose sugars, phosphate ions, and N-containing bases by?
3.)function of pepsin

Back 67

monoglycerides and fatty acids
pancreatic ribonuclease and deoxyribonuclease, and brush boarder enzymes
digest proteins

Front 68

1.)functions of lymphatic system
2.)do laceteals go through heart?
3.)the __duct drains lymph from the right upper extremities
4.)The __receives lymph from the rest of the body

Back 68

transports tissue fluid, protects body by removing foreign material
no
right lymphatic duct
thoracic duct

Front 69

1.)like veins of the blood vascular system, the collect lymphatic vessels have __layers and are equipped with valves
2.)described lymphatic vessel
3.)since the lymphatic system is a pumpless system, lymph transport depends on what?

Back 69

3
thin walls so there could be more vessels
milking action of skeletal muscle, pressure changes within the thorax that occur during breathing