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175 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Division of the Skeleton
Bones of the Skull, Vertebral Column, and Thoracic Cavity (Sternum, Ribs)
Axial Skeleton
Bones of the upper and lower extremities, and the associated bones that connect the limbs to the trunk at the shoulders and pelvis.
Appendicular Skeleton
Serves as articulations or muscle and ligament attachments
Projections or Elevations
Any roughened protrusion or bump*

*For ligament or tendon (skeletal muscle) attachment
Process
Any pointed process or slender ridge*

*For ligament or tendon (skeletal muscle) attachment
Spine
Roughened, curved ridge*

*For ligament or tendon (skeletal muscle) attachment
Crest
Small, rounded nodule*

*For ligament or tendon (skeletal muscle) attachment
Tubercle
Large, rough process*

*For ligament or tendon (skeletal muscle) attachment
Tuberosity
Very large, blunt projection*

*For ligament or tendon (skeletal muscle) attachment
Trochanter
Smooth, rounded knob forming a joint (articulation)
Condyle
Prominence near a condyle*

*For ligament or tendon (skeletal muscle) attachment
Epicondyle
Shallow, blind pocket, often forming a joint (Articulation)
Fossa
Small pit, for ligament attachment
Fovea
Groove, often for blood vessels
Sulcus
Flat, smooth pad, forming a joint (Articulation)
Facet
Communicating hole for blood vessels/nerves
Foramen
Narrow slit or gap for passage of vessels/nerves
Fissure
Deep socket for the eyeball
Orbit
Entrance into a tubular canal within a bone
Meatus
Concealed, hollow cavity for air. (Makes bone lighter)
Sinus
What are the functions of the Skeletal System?
Support, Leverage/Locomotion, Storage of Minerals, Blood Cell Production, Other Special Functions
Function of the Skeletal System
Support
The skeletal system provides structural support for the entire body. Individual bones or groups of bones provide a framework for the attachment of soft tissues and organs.
Function of the Skeletal System
Storage of Minerals
The calcium salts of bone represent a valuable mineral reserve that maintains normal concentrations of calcium and phosphate ions in body fluids. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the human body, 98% of Calcium is deposited in the bones of the skeleton.
Function of the Skeletal System
Blood Cell Production
Red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets are produced in the red marrow, which fills the internal cavities of many bones. Red Bone Marrow (Reticular Connective Tissue), found in the spongy bone.
Function of the Skeletal System
Protection
Delicate tissues and organs are often surrounded by skeletal elements. The ribs protect the heart and lungs, the skull encloses the brain, the vertebrae shield the spinal cord, and the pelvis cradles delicate digestive and reproductive organs.
Function of the Skeletal System
Leverage/Locomotion
Many bones of the skeleton function as levers. They can change the magnitude and direction of the forces generated by skeletal muscles. Bones are moved by muscles. The movements produced range from the delicate motion of a fingertip to powerful changes in the position of the entire body.
Function of the Skeletal System
Other Special Functions
Wide female pelvis, heavier male skeleton, foot arches, patella (knee cap), ear ossicles, sinus cavities, fused sacrum
What are the several bone disorders that were discussed in lecture?
Rickets, Osteomalacia, Osteoporosis, Osteomyelitis
Bone Disorder
Bones become very brittle/break, due to a lack of Calcium in the bone matrix, due to a vitamin D deficiency (diet, sunlight)
Rickets
Bone Disorder
Bones become “bendy”/flexible due to a lack of Calcium in bones, bones, can occur during pregnancy.
Osteomalacia
Bone Disorder
Brittle, very porous bone, due to less active osteoblasts that form bone matrix (less bone matrix). Occurs with low hormones, as in menopause.
Osteoporosis
Bone Disorder
Destruction of bone by bacterial infection
Osteomyelitis
True or False: Bone Tissue is Vascularized (blood vessels) and Innervated (nerves)
True
Dense, concentric layers of parallel osteons or Haversian systems
Compact (Cortical) Bone
Composed of a network of bony struts (“Trabeculae,” spicules)
Spongy Bone (Cancellous)
Shaft of the long bone
Diaphysis
The ends of a long bone
Epiphysis
The space within a bone that contains the yellow bone marrow
Medullary Cavity
Holes in compact bone for larger blood vessels
Nutrient Foramen
Dense irregular connective tissue, layer that surrounds a bone, consisting of an outer fibrous and inner cellular region. (except at the ends of the bone)
Periosteum
Thin, internal, cellular membrane that contains osteoblasts and osteoclasts
Endosteum
Hyaline Cartilage located on the ends of the epiphysis, provides a protective layer that prevents bone on bone contact.
Articular Cartilage
What are the 9 Gross Anatomy items of the Long Bone discussed in lecture?
Compact bone, Spongy bone, Diaphysis, Epiphysis, Medullary Cavity, Nutrient Foramen, Periosteum, Endosteum, Articular Cartilage
What is the Matrix (Ground Substance and Fiber) of Bone?
Ground Substance: Hard Solid. Osteoid (all organic molecules secreted by the cells that live in the bone that form bone matrix.

Fiber: Collagen
The basic histological unit of compact bone, consisting of osteocytes organized around a central canal and separated by concentric lamellae.
Haversian or Osteon System
Longitudinal canal in the center of an osteon that contains blood vessels and nerves. Within an osteon the osteocytes are arranged in concentric layers around the central canal. Runs parallel to the surface of the bone.
Haversian (Central) Canal
Concentric layers of bone within an osteon. It is the bone matrix: Osteoid, Collagen Fibers, and Mineral Salts.
Lamellae
Small chambers sandwiched between concentric layers of calcified matrix (lamellae). Osteocytes are found inside.
Lacunae
Microscopic passageways between cells; permits the diffusion of nutrients and wastes to and from osteocytes.
Canaliculi
Mature bone cells responsible for the maintenance and turnover of the mineral content of the surrounding bone. Located within small chambers called Lacunae, that are sandwiched between concentric layers of calcified matrix (Lamellae).
Osteocytes
Immature bone cells that secrete the organic components of the bone matrix (osteoid) within connective tissue (intramembranous ossification) or cartilage (endochondral ossification). Responsible for the production of new bone, process called osteogenesis. Found in the cellular layer of the periosteum and endosteum.
Osteoblasts
Found on the innermost layer of the periosteum and in the endosteum lining the medullary cavity. Stem cell that gives rise to osteoblasts. The ability to produce additional osteoblasts becomes extremely important after a bone is cracked or broken.
Osteoprogenitor Cells
Large, multi-nucleated cells that secretes acids, through the exocytosis of lysosomes, that dissolve the bony matrix and release amino acids and the stored calcium and phosphate. Located in the periosteum and endosteum.
Osteoclasts
The process of breaking down the mineral matrix of bone
Osteolysis
What are the two methods of ossification?
Intramembranous Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Bone Ossification
Forms in a membrane. The formation of bone within a connective tissue without the prior development of a cartilaginous model. Forms the flat bones of skull, some facial bones, clavicle formation is in a mesenchyme membrane.
Intramembranous Ossification
Forms all other bones a skeleton precursor made of hyaline cartilage is replaced by bone tissue.
Endochondral Ossification
Review the Steps for Intramembranous Ossification
No Really... Go Read About It
Review the Steps for Endochondral Ossification
No Really... Go Read About It
Reticular Connective Tissue, forms all types of blood cells. Found in spaces of spongy bone.
Red Bone Marrow
Adipose Connective Tissue, fills the medullary cavity, nutrient storage.
Yellow Marrow (Adipocytes)
Functions of Joints
Articulation, Locomotion, and Support
What are the two ways to categorize joints?
Function (Movement) and Structure (Type of Material)
Joints categorized by function (movement)?
Synarthrosis, Amphiarthrosis, Diarthrosis
No Movement, Example: Suture of the Skull
Synarthrosis
Little Movement, Example: Pubic Symphysis of Pelvis
Amphiarthrosis
Free Movement, Example: Shoulder, Hip Joints
Diarthrosis
What are the joint structure categories?
Fibrous Joints, Cartilaginous Joints, Synovial Joints
Sutures, Syndesmoses, and Gomphoses are classified as what type of joint?
Fibrous Joints
Joint Category
Fibrous Connective Tissue (Ligaments) Connect Bone to Bone. Dense Regular Connective Tissue
Fibrous Joints
Join flat bones of the skull. These joints become totally calcified with age to become synostoses. No movement
Sutures
Joins parallel bones like radius and ulna, tibia and fibula. Amphiarthrosis
Syndesmoses
Binds each tooth to the surrounding bony socket.
Gomphoses
Joint Category
Cartilage that holds bones together
Cartilaginous Joints
What are the two types of Cartilaginous Joints?
Synchondroses and Symphysis
Cartilaginous synarthrosis, such as the articulation between the epiphysis and diaphysis of a growing bone. Sternum to Ribs. Hyaline Cartilage.
Synchondroses
Fibrous Amphiarthrosis, such as those between adjacent vertebrae or between the pubic bones of the coxae. Fibrocartilage.
Symphysis
Only joint with a cavity, All diarthrosis joints (freely moveable); specialized for movement and permits a wide range of motion.
Synovial Joints
What are the structures of a synovial joint?
Articular Cartilage, Fibrous Joint Capsule, Synovial Membrane, Joint Cavity, Synovial Fluid, Accessory Structures, Sensory Nerves and Blood Vessels
Cartilage pad that covers the surface of a bone inside a joint cavity
Articular Cartilage
Surrounds the synovial joint, composed of this layer of dense connective tissue.
Fibrous Joint Capsule
Lines the joint cavity but stops at the edges of the articular cartilages. Produces synovial fluid. An incomplete layer of fibroblasts confronting the synovial cavity plus the underlying loose connective tissue.
Synovial Membrane
The space within the synovial membrane where the synovial fluid is located.
Joint Cavity
Provides lubrication and reduces friction, nourishes the chondrocytes, acts as a shock absorber.
Synovial Fluid
What are the Accessory Structures of a synovial joint?
Pads of Cartilage or Fat, Ligaments, Tendons, Bursae
A fibrous cartilage pad between opposing surfaces in a joint.
Menisci (Meniscus)
Often found around the periphery of the joint, lightly covered by a layer of synovial membrane. Provides protection for the articular cartilages and serve as packing material for the joint as a whole.
Fat Pads
Dense band of connective tissues fibers that attach on bone to another
Ligaments
A collagenous band that connects a skeletal muscle to an elements of skeleton.
Tendons
A small sac filed with synovial fluid that cushions adjacent structures and reduces friction.
Bursae
Joints
Stability vs. Movability
The greater the range of motion at a joint, the weaker it becomes.
What are the different types of synovial joints?
Ball and Socket, Hinge, Pivot, Plane, Condyloid, Saddle
Triaxial Joint, A round head of one bone rests within a cup shaped depression in another. All combinations of movements, including rotation, can be performed.
Ball and Socket
All combinations of movements, including rotation, can be performed
Triaxial Joint
Permits angular movement in a single plane
Monaxial Joint
Monaxial Joint, Permits angular movement in a single plane, like the opening and closing of a door.
Hinge
Give an example of a ball and socket joint
Shoulders and Hips
Give an example of a hinge joint
Elbows and Knees
Monaxial Joint, They permit only rotation
Pivot
Give an example of a pivot joint
a pivot joint between the atlas and axis allows you to rotate your head to either side
Permit only small sliding movements
Nonaxial
They permit sliding in any direction
Multiaxial
Nonaxial and Multiaxial Joints, Flattened or slightly curved faces. The relatively flat articular surfaces slide across one another, but the amount of movement is very slight. Ligaments usually prevent or restrict rotation.
Plane Joint
Biaxial Joint, An oval articular face nestles with a depression on the opposing surface. With such an arrangement, angular motion occurs in planes, along or across the length of the oval.
Condyloid Joint
Angular motion occurs in planes
Biaxial Joint
Give an example of a condyloid joint
Connects the fingers to the metacarpal bone, and the toes to the metatarsal bones.
Give an example of a plane joint
Plane joints are found at the ends of the clavicles, between the carpal bones, between the tarsal bones, and between the articular facets of adjacent vertebrae.
Biaxial Joint, Have complex articular faces. Each one resembles a _______ because it is concave on one axis and convex on another. Are extremely mobile allowing extensive angular motion without rotation.
Saddle Joint
Give an example of a saddle joint
Base of the Thumb
What are the functions of synovial fluid?
Provides lubrication, reduces friction, reduces heat buildup, nourishes the chondrocytes, acts as a shock absorber.
Bone to bone straps of dense, regular connective tissue.
Collateral Ligaments
What are the three types of Arthritis?
Degenerative, Rheumatoid, and Gouty
Are ligaments vascularized?
No
Inflammation (swelling) of joints
Arthritis
List the joint disorders discussed in lecture
Arthritis, Degenerative Arthritis (Osteoarthritis), Rheumatoid Arthritis, Gouty Arthritis, Bursitis, Sprains
Brought on by old age, joint abuse or obesity progressive erosion of articular cartilage, leading to joint ossification and immobility.
Degenerative Arthritis (Osteoarthritis)
Autoimmune Disease, Causing thickening of synovial membrane and breakdown of cartilage and bone, leading to stiffens, swelling, and pain.
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Metabolic disorder in males, high levels of uric acid in blood, leading to crystallization in the synovial sac.
Gouty Arthritis
Inflammation (swelling) of bursae, Promoted by prolonged stress or pressure at joints. Joint capsule not directly involved tendon, may calcify leading to stiffness.
Bursitis
Stretched or torn ligaments may lead to instability of the joint
Sprains
What are the four shared basic properties of muscle tissues?
Excitability, Contractility, Extensibility, Elasticity
All muscles are _________ active and provides ________
Electrically; Movement
What are the three types of Muscle?
Skeletal, Cardiac, Smooth
What are the functions of Skeletal Muscle?
Locomotion, Posture/Support, Support Soft Tissue, Regulate Entering and Exiting of Material, and Maintains Body Temperature
What are the three rules of locomotion?
1. Muscles shorten when they contract. They can therefore only pull on bones to move them. They DO NOT push bones.

2. Muscles always cross at least one joint and attach two or more bones. They move bones at the joint.


3. One attachment is stationary (origin), the other attachment is on the moving bone (insertion)
Function of Skeletal Muscle
Muscle contractions pull on tendons and move the bones of the skeleton.
Locomotion
Moves the bones of the skeleton
Skeletal Muscles
Function of Skeletal Muscle
Constant muscular contraction to keep the body upright without collapsing or stand without toppling over.
Maintain Posture/Support
The abdominal wall and the floor of the pelvic cavity consist of layers of skeletal muscle. These muscles support the weight of visceral organs and protect internal tissues from injury.
Support Soft Tissue
Function of Skeletal Muscle
Openings, or orifices, of the digestive and urinary tracts are encircled by skeletal muscles. These muscles provide voluntary control over swallowing, defecation, and urination.
Regulate entering and exiting of material
Function of Skeletal Muscle
Muscle contraction require energy, and whenever energy is used in the body, some of it is converted to heat. The heat lost by contracting muscles keeps our body temperature in the range required for normal functioning.
Maintain body temperature
Voluntary Muscle
Skeletal Muscle
Voluntary, Multi-nucleated (outer edges of the fibers), Striated, Unidirectional cell orientation, Bound together by a sacrolemma (cell membrane) and supplied with a branch of one motor nerve, connected by Areolar Connective Tissue
Skeletal Muscle
Location of Skeletal Muscle
Attached to the Skeleton
Moves blood
Cardiac Muscle
Moves Organ Contents
Smooth Muscle
Short, Branched, Mono-Nucleated (Centrally located), Involuntary, Auto-rhythmic, Hormones and Nervous System regulate rate and strength of contractions.
Cardiac Muscle
Where is Cardiac Muscle located?
The Heart
Cell junction that allows electrical signals to spread through tissues.
Intercalated Discs
Forms the walls of visceral organs
Smooth Muscle
Short, Mono-Nucleated, Non-Striated

Myofibrils: Are less organized, less myosin

Properties: Involuntary, Contractions are slow and prolonged, Auto-Rhythmic Contraction, Contraction is regulated by hormones and nervous system
Smooth Muscle
Tendon Attachments
Dense Regular Connective Tissue, Attaches Muscle to Bone
Epimysium, Perimysium, Endomysium
Connective Tissue Wrappings
Wraps the muscle organ (dense irregular connective tissue)
Epimysium
Wraps Fascicle (bundle of skeletal muscle fibers) (Loose/Reticular CT)
Perimysium
Wraps the muscle fiber (areolar connective tissue)
Endomysium
Skeletal Muscle Function
Areolar and Dense Irregular Connective Tissue, keeps the muscle fibers aligned
Connective tissue wrappings
Skeletal Muscle Function
Supply glucose and oxygen to the muscle fibers
Blood Vessels
Tendon Attachments, Connective Tissue Wrappings, Blood Vessels and Nerves
Skeletal Muscle Functions
Skeletal Muscle Functions
Requires innervation to contract, motor nerve, commands the muscle cell to contract.
Nerves
Fiber Arrangements, and Functional Significance of the Arrangements
Affects the muscles Force of contraction and Range of motion

- Maximum Range, Minimal Force

- Maximum Force, Minimal Range
Maximum Range, Minimal ______
Force
Maximal Force, Minimal ______
Range
Skeletal Plasma Membrane
Sarcolemma
Each muscle cell is innervated by a
Motor Unit Nerve
What are the two myofilament proteins?
Myosin (Thick) and Actin (Thin)
Myosin is _____ Filament
Thick
Actin is _____ Filament
Thin
2 types of contractile protein filaments
Myosin and Actin
Each sarcomere shortens when myofilaments sliding past each other.
Myosin filament heads bind to actin thin filaments and pull them.
More overlap causes more shortening. I band will decrease.
Sliding Filament Theory of Contraction
Sarcomere structure and appearance in contracted vs. relaxed muscle
During a contraction, the A band stays the same width, but the Z lines move closer together and the I Band and H band are reduced in width
The main muscle accomplishing the action
Prime Mover
Muscles that contract to help the prime mover
Synergists
Muscles that produce the reverse action as a prime mover and its synergists
Antagonists
The sarcoplasm of a skeletal muscle fiber contains hundreds to thousands of
Myofibrils
Each ______ is a cylindrical structures, responsible for skeletal muscle fiber contraction.
Myofibril
Muscles contract in an _________ fashion
All-or-None
Cylinders inside cells made of bundles of myofilament proteins
Myofibrils
Review The Possible Diagrams
Review The Possible Diagrams
Sarcomere
Sarcomere
Skeletal Muscle
Skeletal Muscle
Knee Joint
Knee Joint
Synovial Joint
Synovial Joint
Micro-Anatomy of a Long Bone
Micro-Anatomy of a Long Bone
Long Bone
Long Bone