Bio Final Sem. 1 (Ch. 4)

Front 1

hypotonic solution is one whose concentration is...

Back 1

less than that inside the cell

Front 2

Plasmolysis occurs when a ______ cell is immersed in a ______ solution

Back 2

plant; 3X saline

Front 3

During surgery, exposed tissues are moistened with sterile Ringer's solution to prevent shrinkage or lysis of the cells. Ringer's solution must be ___________ relative to cells in the tissue.

Back 3

isotonic

Front 4

Name substances that require a protein carrier to cross the cell membrane

Back 4

water, glucose, sodium ion, an amino acid

Front 5

What substance fails to cross cell membranes under any circumstances?

Back 5

DNA

Front 6

What is the difference between active transport (AT) and facilitated diffusion (FD)?

Back 6

AT requires energy; FD does not

Front 7

Which type of membrane carrier is responsible for rapid water transport?

Back 7

a channel protein

Front 8

Which type of membrane carrier is responsible for the creation of Na+ and K+ gradients across the membrane of animal cells?

Back 8

an ATP powered pump

Front 9

Through which type of membrane carrier does one substance move "downhill" into the cell while another substance is being moved "uphill" out of the cell?

Back 9

an antiporter

Front 10

Name some things that are true of membrane transport

Back 10

-Polar and charged solutes will not cross cell membranes effectively without specific protein carriers

-Each protein carrier will only bind and transport one (or at most a few very similar) type of solute

-Large molecules, such as proteins, usually are not transported across cell membranes

-Ions are typically transported by special proteins that form membrane channels

Front 11

What are uniporters?

Back 11

proteins, facilitated diffusion carriers, often used to transport amino acids and sugars within the human body

Front 12

How do fat-soluble molecules normally get into a cell?

Back 12

they dissolve in the fat layers of the membrane and enter the cell by diffusion

Front 13

The phospholipids are unusual molecules because

Back 13

they have hydrophobic regions

Front 14

describe the fluid mosaic module

Back 14

a double layer of lipid molecules with protein molecules suspended in the layer

Front 15

The movement of chloride ions from an area where chloride is concentrated to an area where chloride is less concentrated is what?

Back 15

diffusion

Front 16

what is necessary for osmosis to occur?

Back 16

a permeable membrane

Front 17

name two passive transport mechanisms

Back 17

osmosis & diffusion

Front 18

in an isotonic solution, there would be ______ net movement of water

Back 18

no

Front 19

the sodium-potassium pump (which carries sodium out of a cell and potassium into a cell) is an example of

Back 19

active transport

Front 20

The process of a cell engulfing a solid object is

Back 20

phagocytosis

Front 21

What is likely to happen to a plant cell that is placed in pure water?

Back 21

it becomes turgid

Front 22

When a cell bursts due to osmosis, it is in a solution that is?

Back 22

hypotonic

Front 23

Why do plant cells behave differently to animal cells when placed in a hypotonic solution?

Back 23

Plant cells have a cell wall

Front 24

What is the equation to get ATP?

Back 24

ADP + inorganic phosphate --> ATP

Front 25

What will happen to an animal cell placed in a salt water solution?

Back 25

the cell will shrink

Front 26

An animal cell placed in a hypotonic solution will

Back 26

take on water

Front 27

what type of transport is exocytosis & endocytosis?

Back 27

active transport

Front 28

what does active transport require?

Back 28

energy

Front 29

when no concentration variations occur, a solution is at_____?

Back 29

equilibrium

Front 30

phospholipid with carbohydrate attached

Back 30

glycolipid

Front 31

vesicle transport used to send macromolecules out of the cell

Back 31

exocytosis

Front 32

animal cells in a hypotonic solution will undergo?

Back 32

cytolysis

Front 33

the most common solvent in living systems

Back 33

water

Front 34

a form of endocytosis used by cells that are motile; pseudopods surround a particle and envelope it

Back 34

phagocytosis

Front 35

the model of the plasma membrane

Back 35

fluid-mosaic

Front 36

protein that spans the entire width of the membrane

Back 36

integral

Front 37

the type of membrane protein that allows cells of an organism to identify each other and attack invading pathogens

Back 37

cell recognition

Front 38

protein on outside or inside of membrane

Back 38

peripheral

Front 39

series of relay proteins initiated by receptor activation

Back 39

transduction pathway

Front 40

any type of cell transport that doesn't use energy

Back 40

passive transport

Front 41

if temperature is increased, diffusion will occur______

Back 41

faster

Front 42

location of receptor protein in receptor-mediated endocytosis

Back 42

coated pit

Front 43

the most common form of endocytosis; molecules land on surface of cell, which folds inward, forming a vesicle on interior of cell

Back 43

pinocytosis

Front 44

if a target protein is structural, then activation will cause the cell to change____

Back 44

shape

Front 45

membrane molecule that is hydrophobic at one end and hydrophilic at the other

Back 45

phospholipid

Front 46

cellular component that anchors peripheral proteins on the interior of the cell

Back 46

cytoskeleton

Front 47

membrane protein with carbohydrates attached

Back 47

glycoprotein

Front 48

a variable range of concentrations

Back 48

gradient

Front 49

if a target protein is an enzyme, then activation will cause the cell to change_______

Back 49

function

Front 50

type of membrane protein that carries out metabolic reactions directly

Back 50

enzymatic

Front 51

a solution that has a lower concentration that the cell

Back 51

hypotonic

Front 52

membrane component that, in animal cells, stiffens and strengthens the membrane; regulates fluidity

Back 52

cholesterol

Front 53

substance capable of dissolving something else

Back 53

solvent

Front 54

diffusion of water across a membrane

Back 54

osmosis

Front 55

if a target protein is gene regulatory, then activation will cause the cell to alter gene____

Back 55

expression

Front 56

type of cell transport that requires expenditure of ATP

Back 56

active

Front 57

dissolved substance

Back 57

solute

Front 58

a solution that has a higher concentration than the cell

Back 58

hypertonic

Front 59

a membrane that allows some substances to pass, but not others

Back 59

differentially-permeable

Front 60

a solution that has the same concentration as the cell

Back 60

isotonic

Front 61

plant cells in a hypertonic solution will undergo

Back 61

plasmolysis

Front 62

movement of substances from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

Back 62

diffusion

Front 63

type of membrane protein that passes molecules across membrane by latching on to them on one side of the membrane, changing shape, and releasing them on the other side

Back 63

carrier protein

Front 64

protein that moves a substance from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration; requires energy

Back 64

pump

Front 65

lands on receptor protein and activates it

Back 65

signaling molecule

Front 66

taking a substance into the cell by forming a vesivle

Back 66

endocytosis

Front 67

animal cells in a hypertonic solution will undergo___

Back 67

crenation

Front 68

type of membrane protein that allows molecules to pass through; may be gated and need a binding molecule to "unlock"

Back 68

channel protein

Front 69

plant cells in a hypotonic solution will have high ____ pressure

Back 69

turgor

Front 70

example of a signal molecule released by pancreas; receptor protein for this signal is found on liver cells

Back 70

insulin

Front 71

the net movement of water takes place from the _______side to the ________side of the membrane

Back 71

hypotonic -----> hypertonic

Front 72

the movement of substances across the cell membrane without the use of cell energy

Back 72

passive transport

Front 73

the movement of substances across a cell membrane against a concentration gradient & uses energy

Back 73

active transport

Front 74

a form of passive transport; the movement of specific molecules across cell membranes from a high to low concentration through the channels of transport proteins

Back 74

facilitated diffusion

Front 75

how does oxygen and carbon dioxide inside the cell?

Back 75

go through the membrane (diffuse)

Front 76

how do sodium, calcium, & chlorine get inside the cell?

Back 76

channel proteins

Front 77

how does water get in the cell?

Back 77

through the membrane (osmosis) or by channel proteins (aquaporins)

Front 78

how do neurotransmitters get inside the cell?

Back 78

receptor proteins

Front 79

how do glucose & amino acids get inside the cell?

Back 79

carrier proteins

Front 80

what's the difference between facilitated diffusion & diffusion?

Back 80

diffusion occurs just across the lipid bilayer & a carrier protein is needed for facilitated diffusion

Front 81

form of endo/exco cytosis- bring in or/out solids

Back 81

phagocytosis

Front 82

form of endo/exco cytosis- bring in or out liquids

Back 82

pinocytosis

Front 83

type of endocytosis involved in the transfer and exchange of substances between cells

Back 83

receptor-mediated endocytosis

Front 84

what are the characteristics of an animal plasma membrane?

Back 84

-separates the internal environment of the cell from the external environment

-helps the cell maintain homeostasis

-helps to maintain the cell's shape

-regulates passage of molecules into and out of the cell

Front 85

tonicity refers to

Back 85

osmotic pressure of a solution

Front 86

Which organelle in a plant cell fills with water as turgor pressure develops?

Back 86

central vacuole

Front 87

Upon observation of an electron micrograph, a scientist noted a large number of mitochondria near a plasma membrane within a particular cell. The scientist would probably hypothesize that the cell used energy for ______ purposes

Back 87

active transport

Front 88

Pinocytotic vesicles or phagocytotic vesicles often fuse with a ______ inside the cell for digestion.

Back 88

lysosome

Front 89

Large amoeboid-type cells remove viruses and worn-out red blood cells by a process called _____.

Back 89

pagocytosis

Front 90

The process that requires a vesicle to fuse with the membrane, thereupon discharging its contents, is called _____

Back 90

exocytosis

Front 91

What connects the plasma membranes between adjacent cells together, producing a zipper-like fastening?

Back 91

tight junctions

Front 92

have carb chains attached; play important role in cellular identification

Back 92

glycoproteins

Front 93

helps to regulate the fluidity of the membrane

Back 93

cholesterol

Front 94

associated with only one side of the plasma membrane; anchored by cytoskeletal filaments

Back 94

peripheral proteins

Front 95

span the entire membrane; can protrude from one or both sidees; embedded in membrane but can move laterally

Back 95

integral proteins

Front 96

carb chains that are attached to the head of a phospholipid

Back 96

glycolipids

Front 97

involved in the passage of molecules through the membrane

Back 97

channel proteins

Front 98

pass molecules through membrane by combining with it

Back 98

carrier protein

Front 99

glycoproteins are this type of protein

Back 99

cell-recognition

Front 100

shape specific; specific molecule binds, shape changes, triggering cellular response

Back 100

receptor proteins

Front 101

carry out metabolic reactions directly; catalyze specific reactions

Back 101

enzymatic proteins

Front 102

diffusion of water across plasma membrane

Back 102

osmosis

Front 103

What does a hypertonic solution cause a cell to do? What is this called in plants & animals?

Back 103

shrink/ shrivel

-plants: plasmolysis

-animals: crenation

Front 104

What does a hypotonic solution cause a cell to do? What is this called in plants & animals?

Back 104

-swell/ possibly burst (cells w/o walls)

-Plants: turgor pressue

-animals: cytolysis

Front 105

concentration of solute is higher within cell

Back 105

hypertonic

Front 106

concentration of solute is lower than within cell (more water inside cell)

Back 106

hypotonic

Front 107

concentration of dissolved substances is same as inside the cell

Back 107

isotonic

Front 108

a solution that has a lower concentration than the cell

Back 108

hypotonic

Front 109

type of cell transport that requires expenditure of ATP

Back 109

active

Front 110

a solution that has a higher concentration than the cell

Back 110

hypertonic

Front 111

movement of substances from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

Back 111

diffusion

Front 112

lands on a receptor protein & activates it

Back 112

signaling molecule

Front 113

type of membrane protein that passes molecules across membrane by latching on to them on one side of the membrane, changing shape, & releasing the on the other side

Back 113

carrier protein

Front 114

series of relay proteins initiated by receptor activation

Back 114

transduction pathway

Front 115

any type of cell transport that doesnt use energy

Back 115

passive

Front 116

if temp is increased, diffusion will occur

Back 116

faster

Front 117

most common form of endocytosis

Back 117

pinocytosis

Front 118

cellular component that anchors peripheral proteins on the interior of the cell

Back 118

cytoskeleton