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84 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are some of the basic neuron structures?
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dendrytes, axon, nodes of renveire, myelin, terminal bulb, synapcee, cleft, CL-, Na+, K+, A-
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What ions are intracellular?
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K+ & A-
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What ions are extracellular?
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Na+ & Cl-
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What is hyper polarization?
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when the cell is negative
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what is depolarization?
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cell is positive and causes an action potential
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what is polarization?
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neuron at rest
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what is salutatory conduction?
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the process of node to node
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temporal summation occur?
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in a short period of time in where receptors get bombarded with the same kind of info
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what is an EPSP?
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occurs before the action potential when sodium channels open
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what is an IPSP?
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temporary hyperpolarization causing cell to go more negative when the gtes open to release K+
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what are Ionotropic receptors what do they do?
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they communicated fast when the brain needs rapid, quickly changing information. Vision and hearing
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what are metabotropic receptors and what do they do?
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work through second messenger systems in that they influence activity over a longer period of time.
Are better suited for Hunger, thirst, fear, anger, taste and pain. |
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where is the hypothalamus located and what is responsible for?
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ventral to the thalamus, and responsible for feeding, drinking, sex, temperature
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what is the thalamus?
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relay station
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What are the major divisions of the brain?
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frontal lobe, parietal lobe, occipital lobe, temporal lobe
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What is the sodium potassium pump?
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Occurs so the cell can be back to normal. Takes 3 Na+ out and 2 K+ in. Needs a lot of glucose to function and needs oxygen
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What is Korsakoff syndrome? why does it occur?
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heavy alcohol use throughout the years causes a lack of thymine because of no food intake
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What is a neurotransmitter?
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chemicals released by the neuron that affects other neurons.
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What are second messenger systems?
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communicates to areas within a cell and they open or close the ion channel
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What is re-uptake?
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when presynaptic neuron takes up most the neurotransmitters molecules intact and reuses them.
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What are the major neurotransmitters?
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Glutamate, GABA,ACH, seratonin, dopamine, adenosine
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What is Adenosine?
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is a purine, responsible for alertness aka a neuroprotectant, it slows down in the course of the day to make you tired, caffeine blocks these recptors to make you more attentive
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what is Dopamine?
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is a catecholamine, responsible for pleasure and reward
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What is ACH?
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is a modified A.A. responsible for memory and alertness located at the neuromuscular junction and the autonomic N.S
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what is glutame?
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is an amino acid (second messenger system) and the most abundant excitatory neurotransmitter, it causes brain damage through the glutaminergic cascade
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what is GABA?
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is an amino acid (second messenger system) is the most abundant inhibitatory neurotransmitter treats seizures and slows down frontal lobe
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what are gyri?
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lobes in the brain
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what are fissures?
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folding (sulci)
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What is the frontal lobe responsible for and where is located?
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it is located in the most rostral part of the brain, responsible for executive functions,
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what are the frontal lobe executive functions?
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attention, behavioral regulation, multi-tasking, problem solving, organization, sequencing, cognitive flexibility.
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where is the parietal lobe and what is it responsible for?
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located in the ventral part of the brain, responsible for sensation and visual, spatial skills
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Ipsilateral
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same side
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contralateral
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opposite side
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superior
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above
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inferior
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below
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activation of the NST makes you?
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crave salty water
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DA is in the?
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nucleus acumbens
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3 things that control hunger?
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stomach, duodem, glucose levels
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duodem releases?
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cck and peptide y
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D2 and D1 & D5 are? what blocks them?
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orgasm, erection, seratonin blocks it
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sexual orientation is controlled by the?
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3rd interstitual nucleus of the anterior hypothalamus
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what is the moler set point for osmotic thirst?
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1.5
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what controls vasopressin?
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coffee
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pancreas creates?
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insulin
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what is per and tem and what controls it?
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decrease amount during the day and makes you sleepy the superchiasmatic nucleus controls it.
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huningtons is a deficiency in chromosome?
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chromosome 4
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Prader WIlly is a deficiency in chromosome?
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chromosome 7
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down syndrome is a deficiency in chromosome?
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chromosome 23
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medulla is responsible for?
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heart rate and respiration
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what is hydrosephellis?
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spinal fluid in vesicles that causes them to become bigger causing the brain to push against the skull
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what are opsins?
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they motify sensitivity in the retinal layer
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taste is controlled by?
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the lateral nucleus of the hypothalamus
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whastis bradyfinia?
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slow thinking
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what are the three type of muscles?
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striatum, cardiac, smooth
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define aostasis?
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the hypothalamus using adaptive mechanisms to maintain set points in homiostasis
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what is homothermic and pokilothermic?
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homothermic controls temperature. pokilothermic controls environmentally controlled temp
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if there is a stroke in the medial geniculate and inferior culical body there will be a problem in?
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hearing
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of there is a stoke in the in the latereal geniculate body and superior culliculal body there will be a problem in?
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vision
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what are the five reflexes?
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suck, rooting, blink, babinsk, palpomental stroke
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what is the gustation pathway?
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VII, IX, X --> NST --> PONS --> amygdala--> lateral nucleus of hypothalamus--> thalamus--> gustatory cortex in the temporal lobe
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anosmia
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loss of smell
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anomia
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language deficit inability to name things a reflection of damage in the "what" system
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apraxia
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the inability to execute skilled motor behavior in the absence of paralysis
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amnesia
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the inability to relate new memories only old ones
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what are the 3 core functions of emotion?
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feeling, thought, behavior
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what does fight or flight do to the body?
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a release of cortisol. Heart rate increases, blood pressure goes up, increased respiratory rate
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what is cortisol? what are its 2 branches?
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is the stress hormone.
cell mediated- fights viruses (CD8 & CD4 ) humeral- fights bacteria |
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what is working memory? what parts of the brain make it work?
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manipulating
More focused in frontal lobe |
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what is vigilance?
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longer period of demand to hold attention, ability to hold info over time
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what stimulants engage activation of mechanism when the frontal lobe is under active due to ADS?
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Caffeine
NA DA |
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what 3 stages occur during the learning of new information?
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1. encoding- the ability to lay down new information for long term recall in the brain. Getting info into the memory system. (frontal lobe) challenging to learn new info (attention problem)
2. Retention- hold on to info over time. Ability to retain info for 20 minutes (hippocampus) o Decent encoding but impaired retention if the lesion is in hippocampus and not in the frontal lobe. 3. Retrieval- retrieving old files (frontal lobe) |
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If the white matter pathway is damaged during the process of learning new info what will be damaged?
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(encoding and retention)
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What is Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI)?
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impairment in memory that does not affect activities of daily living and is the first sign of AD.
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Amnestic MCI?
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higher risk for AD over time
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Non- Amnestic MCI?
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individuals are at lower risk
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Amnestic MCI plus abnormalities in another domain causes?
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are HIGH, HIGH RISK AD
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Strategic stroke in the Hippocampus also in the Thalamus (dorsal medial nucleus of the hypothalamus) produces an?
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Amnestic profile that does not progress
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Early onset for AD?
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before age 65
o Genetic link o Decline is faster o The younger the more progressive |
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Late onset for AD?
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after age 65
o Most cases o Sporadic - no clear genetic link o As the age increases the higher risk |
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Learning disability consists of problems in?
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• Math
• Communication • Spatial • Writing |
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what shows a Non verbal learning disability?
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• Spatial problems
• Social relationships / connecting with others • Clumsyness |
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What is William’s Syndrome?
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• Mental retardation- good language
• Deletion of chromosome 7 • Gray matter volume loss • Very poor spatial skills |
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what is the james lang theory?
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the fear is driven by behavior
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