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67 Cards in this Set
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- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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What are the three stages of cellular respiration |
Glycolysis Krebs cycle electron transport chain |
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Describe Glycolysis |
Breakdown of glucose from carbs ( thru catabolism )
2 phases - energy investment -energy payoff
Energy investment phase : -2 ATP is used to oxidize glucose - glucose (6Carbon) is split into 2 G3P ( 3C)
Energy payoff phase : -The two G3P are converted to 2 molecules of pyruvic acid ( pyruvate ) - substrate level phosphorylation: - gain 4 atp and 2 Nadh ( bc 2 g3p) - 2 G3P for every glucose
The 2 Pyruvate can go into either -fermentation -respiration
Respiration : - the 2 pyruvates are transferred from cytoplasm to the mitochondria - becomes two acetyl CoA |
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Redox reactions |
Reduced - gains electron (charge is reduced)
Oxidized - loses an electron It's how the transfer of energy is mediated also occurs when electrons go from non-polar covalent bonds to polar ones |
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What is cellular respiration |
Harvest the chemical/potential energy in food and puts it into ATP Before the energy gets to ATP it's transferred between different compounds via electrons |
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What are the principal processes that release energy from carbs through catabolism. Most of the energy is first |
Glycolysis and the Krebs cycle
Most of the energy released at each step in glycolysis and the Krebs cycle is first transferred to NAD+ |
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What is the Krebs cycle, what is gain and loss |
Each molecule of acetylCoA(2C) - joins an oxaloacetate (4C) to make citrate ( 6C)
- citrate becomes oxaloacetate
-lose 2 carbons as CO2 For each acetyl coA
Gain FOR EACH ACETYL COA : 3 NADH - 1 FADH2 - 1 ATP
Happens twice tho |
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What is electron transport chain |
Happens across the inner membrane of the mitochondria by proteins embedded in the membrane
10 H + pumped out for each nadh
Electrons finally accepted by O2 at the end of the chain this is why we breathe oxygen.
Oxidative phosphorylation is Where most atp is produced , 30 ish atp |
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How do monomers become polymers and vice versa |
Dehydration reaction/ condensation, to make a polymer from monomers, water is released Hydrolysis to break up a polymer into monomers. Hydrogen and hydroxyl are added to the monomer and polymer. |
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What is the bond in polysaccharides |
Glycosidic bond |
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What is the bond that links amino acids to make proteins |
Peptide |
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What bonds link fatty acids to glyceral to make lipids |
Ester bonds |
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What are the links between nucleotides to make nucleic acids |
The links between the nucleotides are called phosphodiester bonds. |
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3 classes of lipids |
Fats Phospholipids Steroids |
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What are lipids made of |
lipids are made up of a glycerol molecule with three fatty acid molecules attached to it |
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What are fats for ? |
Energy Cushioning Insulation |
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Saturated vs unsaturated
Cis and trans double bonds |
Saturated - no double bonds , solid at room temp
Unsaturated - one or more double bonds, liquid
Cis - break down more easily
Trans - by product of hydrogenation of vegetable oil ( trans fats are bad, stack in arteries, cause heart disease ) |
Ss Cis ppl getting upset
Trans - by product of |
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What is this ? |
Monosaccharide |
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Nucleotide |
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Polypeptide |
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Draw a polysaccharide |
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Monosaccharide |
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Fat molecule |
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Enzyme does what |
Enable and accelerate biochemical reactions |
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Structure of an amino acid |
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Difference between pyrimidines and purines |
Nitrogenous base of purines (AG) is larger |
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What determines the chemical properties of an amino acid |
The R group |
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Dna is made of |
Two polymer strands of nucleotides |
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Phospholipids differ from lipids bc |
They have a hydrophilic region |
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Movement of vesicles in the cell depends on |
Microtubules and motor proteins |
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Animal cells are fastened together by what? What allows movements between ? |
Animal - desmosomes Gap junctions allow movement between then Plant cells - plasmodesmata |
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Bacteria and archaea vs eukaryotic |
Smaller, simpler, Unicellular No nucleus |
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Peptidoglycan |
In bacteria . It's the amino sugar that makes up the cell wall. |
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As cell size increases .. |
There is less surface area to produce metabolic resources ( such as atp) Solution is to provide more membrane surface area on the inside of the cell |
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The extra structures in the eukaryotic cell allow |
Allow functions to be compartmentalized |
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Ribosomes function |
Strands of messenger RNA are translated into protein in ribosomes |
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Endomembrane system |
There are membranes and membrane bound bodies throughout cell. Most transfer materials between them . Eg vesicles endomembrane system include: the nuclear membrane, the endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vesicles, endosomes and the cell membrane |
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Endoplasmic reticulum ( ER) functions |
Rough ER : studded with ribosomes Role : transport and synthesis of proteins
Smooth ER : - synthesises lipids , phospholipids and steroids , - detoxifies - metabolises glycogen |
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Role of the Golgi apparatus |
Products of the ER are brought in via vesicles, are modified , and sent to other places, mostly outside the cell. |
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Phagocytosis vs pinocytosis |
Phagocytosis is when cells engulf particles by wrapping plasma mbrane around it and taking it in as a food vacuole ( phagosome ) ( eg white blood cells )
Pinocytosis : the ingestion of liquid into a cell by the budding of small vesicles from the cell membrane |
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Vacuole role |
Food vacuole - sac for food
Contractile vacuole - pumps water out of cell
Central vacuole in plants , enclosed by tonoplast membrane Functions : - storage - capturing metabolic by products - takes in water to help plant cell elongate |
Vacuum |
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Mitochondria function |
Generate almost all atp for eukaryotic cell The inner membrane is big and folded which provides more area to generate atp Infoldings ( christae) produce intermembrane space and the mitochondrial matrix Electron transport chain sees H+ pass between these two spaces which generates atp |
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Chloroplast function |
In the chloroplast the thylakoids are where photosynthesis occurs
Surrounded by fluid ( stroma )
* One of the plastids Other plastids Amyloplasts store starch Chromoplasts store pigment |
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Peroxisomes function |
Make hydrogen peroxide
Synthesizes plasmalogen ( a phospholipid critical to the myelin sheath of nerve cells In animal and plant cells |
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Cytoskeleton |
Microtubules Intermediate filaments Microfilaments |
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Microtubules |
Needed for transport of organelles and cell division. ( Act as rails for organells which are pulled along by motor molecules ( Requires Atp)
Make up the centrioles of centrosomes |
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Cilia and flagella and dynein |
Locomotion of eukaryotic cells
Dynein is a motor molecule ( movement of flagella and cillia occurs by dynein walking, powered by atp |
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Microfilaments role |
- resist tensional stress on cell shape
- supports cells specialized for membrane transport
- muscle contraction
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Chick fil-a |
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Intermediate filaments role , what is it made of |
-Made of keratin
- more permanent than other two, basic frame for entire cytoskeleton
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Do adjacent cells communicate ? |
They communicate directly Plasmodesmata between plant cells (Water and small solutes can pass ) Animals : Gap junctions ( equivalent to plasmodesmata ) Desmosomes fasten cells together tightly. |
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Cell surfaces |
Plant cells have a thick cell wall made of cellulose in a matrix of other polysaccharides and proteins. Animal cells have an extracellular Matrix involved in the support adhesion movement and regulation of cellular and Gene function. |
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Condensation ( dehydration ) vs hydrolysis |
Condensation : bonds another subunit into the polymer, water is released Hydrolysis : releases subunits from the polymer, water is consumed. |
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Oxidative phosphorylation is a process |
Oxidative phosphorylation
process in which ATP is formed bc of transfer of electrons from NADH or FADH 2 to O 2 by a series of electron carriers.
-takes place in mitochondria,
-is the major source of ATP
-generates 26 of the 30 molecules of ATP that are formed when glucose is completely oxidized to CO2 and H2O. |
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Catabolic vs anabolic reactions |
Catabolic - exergonic Anabolic : endergonic |
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Catabolic vs anabolic reactions |
Catabolic - exergonic Anabolic : endergonic |
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Catabolic vs anabolic reactions |
Catabolic - exergonic Anabolic : endergonic |
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Catabolic vs anabolic reactions |
Catabolic - exergonic and spontaneous Anabolic : endergonic |
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Catabolic vs anabolic reactions |
Catabolic - exergonic and spontaneous Anabolic : endergonic |
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Catabolic vs anabolic reactions |
Catabolic - exergonic and spontaneous Anabolic : endergonic |
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Enzyme |
Decreases activation energy |
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Enzyme |
Decreases activation energy |
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Enzyme |
Decreases activation energy |
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Rate at which enzymes work |
Nature of the reaction Temperature pH and osmolarity Concentration |
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Rate at which enzymes work |
Nature of the reaction Temperature pH and osmolarity Concentration |
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Rate at which enzymes work |
Nature of the reaction Temperature pH and osmolarity Concentration |
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Rate at which enzymes work depends on |
Nature of the reaction Temperature pH and osmolarity Concentration
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Catabolic vs anabolic reactions |
Catabolic - exergonic and spontaneous Anabolic : endergonic |
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Enzyme |
Decreases activation energy |
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