Bio-Inside The Cell-Chapter 4

Front 1

Scanning electron microscope

Back 1

3D surface features- produces scanning electron micrographs (SEM)

Front 2

Light microscope

Back 2

Uses beams of light to reveal images. Produces light micrograph (LM)

Front 3

Transmission electron microscope

Back 3

Reveals inside of the cell using electrons as source of illumination. Produces transmission electron micrographs (TEM)

Front 4

Surface area to volume ratio

Back 4

The greater the surface area (ratio to internal volume) the faster the exchange of materials with the environment

Front 5

Plasma membrane

Back 5

Outer membrane of cells, acts as a boundary /gatekeeper between outside and inside of a cell. Consists of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins

Cholesterol molecules present in plasma membrane of some cells give support to the membrane

Front 6

Types of proteins in plasma membrane

Back 6

Channel, transport, cell recognition, receptor, enzymatic, junction

Front 7

Channel proteins

Back 7

Form a tunnel across the membrane, allowing only one or a few types of specific molecules to move through the membrane.

I.e. aquaporins- allow water to enter/exit the cell

Front 8

Transport proteins

Back 8

Combine with a substance ad help it move across the membrane with an input of energy

Front 9

Cell recognition proteins

Back 9

Glycoproteins- enables the body to distinguish between our own cells and the cells of other organisms

Front 10

Receptor proteins

Back 10

Has a shape that allows a specific molecule (signal molecule) to bind to it, causing the receptor protein to change shape and bring about a cellular response.

I.e. insulin binds to receptor protein in liver cells, thereafter those cells store glucose

Front 11

Enzymatic proteins

Back 11

Directly participate in metabolic reactions, allow the cell to perform degradation and synthetic reactions

Front 12

Junction protein

Back 12

Form junctions between cells. Assist cell to cell adhesion and communication.

I.e. bladder junctions

Front 13

Cell theory

Back 13

The idea that a) all organisms are made of cells and b) cells can only come from pre-existing cells

Front 14

Characteristics common to all cells

Back 14

1) a plasma membrane made of phospholipids that regulates movement of materials in/out of cells

2) a semi fluid interior (cytoplasm) where chemical reactions occur

3) genetic material (DNA) that provides the info needed for cellular activities, including growth and reproduction

Front 15

Prokaryotic cells

Back 15

Either domain Archaea or Bacteria. Smaller in size and simpler in structure. Lack a membrane bound nucleus. DNA housed in the nucleoid. Reproduce quickly and effectively

Front 16

Cell wall

Back 16

Layer of cellulose that supports cells (not found in animals )

Front 17

Capsule

Back 17

Protective layer of polysaccharides lying outside the cell wall

Front 18

Ribosomes

Back 18

Location where polypeptides and proteins are formed

Synthesize proteins specified by DNA

Front 19

Flagella

Back 19

Tail like appendages hat allow the bacteria to propel themselves. Cell moves in rotary motion.

Front 20

Eukaryotic cell

Back 20

Highly compartmentalized cell composed of organelles

Front 21

Organelle

Back 21

Compartments of an eukaryotic cell that carry out specialized functions that work together. Surrounded by a membrane with embedded proteins. Production of molecules takes place inside or on the surface of organelles.

Front 22

Enzymes

Back 22

Molecules that speed up chemical reactions

Front 23

Nucleus

Back 23

Contained DNA: nucleolus is the site of ribosome formation

Houses the genetic material within the eukaryotic chromosomes which contain hereditary info

Front 24

Vesicles

Back 24

Small sacs that move materials between organelles in the endomembrane system

Membranous sacs that enclose molecules and keep them separate from the cytoplasms as they transport them around the cell. Move by means of the cytoskeleton (network of protein fibers which also maintains cell shape and assists with cell movement, also moves organelles)

Front 25

Chromatin

Back 25

Network of DNA, proteins and small amount of RNA inside the nucleus. Just before cell division the chromatin condenses and coils into chromosomes

Front 26

Lysosome

Back 26

Vesicles produced by the Golgi apparatus that digest molecules and portions of the cell.

Front 27

Vacuoles

Back 27

Membranous sacs larger than vesicles and more specialized. Can be digestive for breaking down nutrients or storage for nutrients or ions.

Front 28

Chloroplasts

Back 28

Use solar energy to synthesize carbohydrates

Front 29

Mitochondria

Back 29

Break down carbs to produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP) molecules, which serve as a carrier of energy in cell

Front 30

ATP

Back 30

Carries energy in cells. Used when a cell synthesizes molecules, transports molecules, or carries out a special function, such as muscle contraction or nerve conduction

Front 31

Nucleoplasm

Back 31

Sei fluid matrix containing chromatin within the nucleus

Front 32

Rough ER

Back 32

Component of the endomembrane system that has ribosomes attached; synthesizes proteins

Studded with ribosomes on the side of the membrane that faces the cytoplasm; synthesizes polypeptides and modifies them after they enter the central enclosed region of the ER (lumen) where proteins take shape. Forms transport vesicles which take proteins to to other parts of the cell

Front 33

Smooth ER

Back 33

Synthesizes lipids and some carbs. Detoxifies some chemicals. Its functions are dependent on the particular cell. Forms transport vesicles that carry molecules to other parts of the cell

Front 34

Golgi apparatus

Back 34

Processing and packaging center

Transfer station. Received transport vesicles from rough/smooth Er. Modifies vesicles, sorts them and packages them into new transport vesicles according to particular destination

Front 35

Lysosome

Back 35

Vesicles that contains enzymes that break down incoming molecules and cellular components

Vesicles produced by the Golgi apparatus that digest molecules and portions of the cell.

Front 36

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

Back 36

Interconnected system of membranous channels and saccules (flattened vesicles)

Front 37

Chloroplasts

Back 37

Site of photosynthesis and carb formation (not found in animals)

Organelle found in plants/algae that uses solar energy, carbon dioxide and water to synthesize carbohydrates.

Front 38

Mitochondria

Back 38

Site of cellular respiration and ATP synthesis

Break down carbs to produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP) molecules, which serve as a carrier of energy in cell

Front 39

Golgi apparatus

Back 39

Transfer station. Received transport vesicles from rough/smooth Er. Modifies vesicles, sorts them and packages them into new transport vesicles according to particular destination

Front 40

Cytoskeleton

Back 40

Internal framework of protein fibers; moves organelles and maintains cell shape. Composed of microtubules, intermediate filaments, and actin filaments

Front 41

Cristae

Back 41

Inner membrane of mitochondria, convoluted into folds that project into the inner space

Front 42

Matrix

Back 42

Interior space of mitochondria. Contains highly concentrated mixture of enzymes that assists the breakdown of carbs and other nutrient molecules. These reactions supply the chemical energy that permits ATP synthesis to take place on the cristae

Front 43

Cellular respiration

Back 43

Metabolic reaction that uses the energy from the breakdown of carbs (primarily glucose), fatty acids, or amino acids to produce ATP molecules

Complete breakdown of carbohydrates involving the cytoplasm, needing oxygen and giving off carbon dioxide

Front 44

Motor proteins

Back 44

Myosin, kinesin, and dynein. Instrumental in allowing cellular movements

Front 45

Microtubules

Back 45

Small hollow cylinders composed of 13 long chains of rubicon diners. Help maintain the shape of the cell and act as tracks along which organelles and other materials can move

Front 46

Centrosome

Back 46

Microtubule organizing center which lies near the nucleus, controls the process of microtubules changing length by removing tubulin dimers

Front 47

Intermediate filaments

Back 47

Sized between actin filaments and microtubules. Rope like assemblies of proteins that typically run between the nuclear envelope and the plasma membrane. Network supports both the nucleus and plasma membrane

Front 48

Actin filaments

Back 48

Support the cell forming a dense, complex web just under the plasma membrane. Support projections of the plasma membrane, i.e. microvilli

Front 49

Centrioles

Back 49

Short, barrel shaped organelles composed of microtubules located in the centrosome. Involved in organizing microtubules during cell division

Front 50

Cilia/flagella

Back 50

Whiplike projections of cells that allow a cell movement. Cilia (shorter)move stiffly like an oar, flagella (longer) move in undulating, snake-like fashion. Both have a distinct pattern of microtubules bounded by a plasma membrane

Front 51

Extracellular matrix

Back 51

(ECM) meshwork of fibrous proteins and polysaccharides in close association with the cell that produced them. Collagen/elastin well known proteins. Polysaccharides direct the migration of cells along collagen fibers during development. Some ECM proteins bind to receptors in a cell’s plasma membrane, permitting communication between the ECM and the cytoskeleton writhing the cytoplasm of the cell

Front 52

Adhesion junctions

Back 52

Internal cytoplasmic plaques joined by intercellular filaments. Sturdy but flexible sheet of cells. I.e. heart, stomach, bladder

Front 53

Tight junctions

Back 53

Plasma membrane proteins attached to each other, producing a zipper like fastening. I.e. cells of tissues that serve as barriers, urine/kidney tubules

Front 54

Gap juntion

Back 54

Allows cells to communicate. Formed when two identical plasma membrane channels join. I.e. heart muscle and smooth muscle, permit the flow of ions required for cells in these tissues to contract as a unit

Front 55

Plasmodesmata

Back 55

In a plant, living cells are connected by this, numerous narrow, membrane lined channels that pass through the cell wall, containing cytoplasms. Allows the direct exchange of some materials between adjacent plant cells and eventually among all the cells of a plant. Allows only water and other small molecules to pass freely